The Unintended Consequences of COVID-19 Mitigation Measures on Mass Transit and Car Use
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Respondents and Recruitment
2.2. Survey
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age | Calgary | Halifax | Montreal | Ottawa | Toronto | Vancouver | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18–20 | 23 | 12 | 16 | 16 | 11 | 18 | 96 |
21–30 | 44 | 48 | 80 | 34 | 43 | 66 | 315 |
31–40 | 73 | 47 | 59 | 42 | 57 | 59 | 337 |
41–50 | 51 | 55 | 64 | 51 | 83 | 55 | 359 |
51–60 | 45 | 69 | 46 | 58 | 58 | 48 | 324 |
61–70 | 60 | 69 | 40 | 75 | 55 | 52 | 351 |
71–80 | 26 | 27 | 19 | 44 | 21 | 25 | 162 |
81–88 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 24 |
Total | 324 | 328 | 327 | 330 | 330 | 329 | 1968 |
Transport Means | |||||||
Bus | 40 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 245 |
Suburban Train | 40 | NA | 40 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 203 |
Subway | 40 | NA | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 204 |
Other (not included in this study) | 204 | 287 | 205 | 207 | 207 | 206 | 1316 |
Total | 120 | 41 | 122 | 123 | 123 | 123 | 1968 |
Access to Car | |||||||
No | 38 | 50 | 71 | 56 | 63 | 65 | 343 |
Yes | 286 | 278 | 256 | 274 | 267 | 264 | 1625 |
Total | 324 | 328 | 327 | 330 | 330 | 329 | 1968 |
Employment Status | |||||||
No change: employed or self-employed | 132 | 147 | 146 | 127 | 164 | 134 | 850 |
No change: student | 21 | 16 | 26 | 20 | 17 | 20 | 120 |
No change: homemaker | 15 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 15 | 13 | 69 |
No change: retired | 63 | 81 | 57 | 124 | 61 | 60 | 446 |
No change: unemployed | 17 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 67 |
Change: from employed or self-employed to not employed | 55 | 35 | 49 | 31 | 45 | 54 | 269 |
Change: student whose part-time job was either eliminated, suspended, or reduced hours | 15 | 11 | 19 | 7 | 12 | 21 | 85 |
Other change | 6 | 17 | 12 | 6 | 6 | 15 | 62 |
Total | 324 | 328 | 327 | 330 | 330 | 329 | 1968 |
Scholarity | |||||||
Elementary | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 10 |
High School (8–12 years) | 73 | 68 | 60 | 48 | 42 | 66 | 357 |
College (13–15 years) | 87 | 108 | 103 | 81 | 70 | 85 | 534 |
University Certificates | 28 | 19 | 30 | 22 | 19 | 31 | 149 |
University Undergraduate | 95 | 91 | 83 | 107 | 135 | 105 | 616 |
University Master’s | 34 | 36 | 40 | 61 | 58 | 35 | 264 |
University Doctorate | 7 | 4 | 8 | 9 | 3 | 7 | 38 |
Total | 324 | 328 | 327 | 330 | 330 | 329 | 1968 |
Family Income | |||||||
$39,999 or less | 53 | 79 | 67 | 41 | 37 | 58 | 335 |
Between $40,000 and $79,999 | 74 | 88 | 96 | 86 | 99 | 116 | 559 |
Between $80,000 and $119,999 | 77 | 74 | 87 | 88 | 75 | 57 | 458 |
$120,000 or more | 72 | 58 | 45 | 77 | 75 | 63 | 390 |
Not reported | 48 | 29 | 32 | 38 | 44 | 35 | 226 |
Total | 324 | 328 | 327 | 330 | 330 | 329 | 1968 |
Effect | Estimate | Standard Error | DF | t Value | Pr >|t| | Marginal R2 Partition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical risk | 0.3639 | 0.0196 | 3169 | 18.54 | <0.0001 | 0.1532 |
Psychological risk | 0.2215 | 0.0211 | 3172 | 10.51 | <0.0001 | 0.1054 |
Performance risk | 0.1503 | 0.0186 | 3171 | 8.09 | <0.0001 | 0.0839 |
Social risk | 0.0111 | 0.0173 | 3164 | 0.64 | 0.5216 | 0.0358 |
Financial risk | −0.0107 | 0.0165 | 3132 | −0.65 | 0.5183 | 0.0156 |
Time risk | −0.0226 | 0.0158 | 3171 | −1.43 | 0.1515 | 0.0126 |
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Labonté-LeMoyne, É.; Chen, S.-L.; Coursaris, C.K.; Sénécal, S.; Léger, P.-M. The Unintended Consequences of COVID-19 Mitigation Measures on Mass Transit and Car Use. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9892. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239892
Labonté-LeMoyne É, Chen S-L, Coursaris CK, Sénécal S, Léger P-M. The Unintended Consequences of COVID-19 Mitigation Measures on Mass Transit and Car Use. Sustainability. 2020; 12(23):9892. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239892
Chicago/Turabian StyleLabonté-LeMoyne, Élise, Shang-Lin Chen, Constantinos K. Coursaris, Sylvain Sénécal, and Pierre-Majorique Léger. 2020. "The Unintended Consequences of COVID-19 Mitigation Measures on Mass Transit and Car Use" Sustainability 12, no. 23: 9892. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239892
APA StyleLabonté-LeMoyne, É., Chen, S.-L., Coursaris, C. K., Sénécal, S., & Léger, P.-M. (2020). The Unintended Consequences of COVID-19 Mitigation Measures on Mass Transit and Car Use. Sustainability, 12(23), 9892. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239892