Building Local Institutional Capacities for Urban Flood Adaptation: Lessons from the Water as Leverage Program in Semarang, Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Local Institutional Capacity Building: International Resilience Programs for Urban Flood Adaptation
2.1. Intellectual Capital
2.2. Social Capital
2.3. Political Capital
3. Research Methods
3.1. Case Study: Water as Leverage for Resilient Cities Asia in Semarang
3.2. Data Collection and Analysis
4. The Water as Leverage Program in Semarang: A Collaborative and Design Process for Local Institutional Capacity Building
4.1. Intellectual Capital
From my observation, I guess this involvement of this PFR (Partnership for Resilience) is not as much as it should be, but again I understand. Because initially the focus was mostly on the technical aspects and only thereafter on the design perspective.
One of our concepts is ‘Networks of Resilient Kampungs’ that is working for the community on the ground. It involves the modification of existing initiatives [the village level Disaster Preparedness Group (KSB)]. I mean it is good to work with them to learn from previous experiences and what can be modified and improved.
We learned a lot from the Water as Leverage process on how to retain the water. The other [strategic climate resilience proposal] concept was ‘Feeding industries’. They [the design teams] have that concept to make the water resource allocation to industries. Just like that, we can learn from international experts.
4.2. Social Capital
4.3. Political Capital
The purpose [the meetings with the international financial institutions] is to approach and get input from the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank and others. … This is to make a proposal really bankable and submittable to financial institutions. There are a good chance and sufficient support to ensure that we can convince these financial institutions to finance this project.
I think we are working on it in terms of, let’s say, for the Resilient Kampungs, we are trying to engage them. The city government, BAPPEDA, says that they are and that they can commit. They are interested in taking that proposal in the city government program.
It is important (to) work closely with the provincial and national level government because some areas, rivers, and solutions [within the strategic climate resilience proposals] do not fall under the authority of the city but under the authority of the national and provincial governments.
They [international financial organizations] always have to have the national government involved. Deciding on whether it was going to be a loan, grant, or extra budget from the national government, all those things have to be done through the national government.
Semarang’s future is secured through a combination of ecological restoration, economic growth, improved land governance and fostering of social capital within communities. This will be a paradigm shift that will break the vicious circle and propel Semarang into a resilient future.(Water as Leverage, 2019b, p. 1)
5. Discussion
5.1. Institutional Strengths and Weaknesses
5.2. Challenge 1: Sustaining Momentum for the Reflexive Learning Process
5.3. Challenge 2: Involving Local NGOs
5.4. Challenge 3: Establishing Policy Alignment and Formal Links with Decision Makers
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Data | No. | Title | Year | Produced by |
---|---|---|---|---|
Document | 1. | Factsheet Water as Leverage | 2019 | Government of The Netherlands |
Report | 2. | Water as Leverage for Transformative Impact | 2017 | Dutch Special Envoy for International Water Affairs, International Architecture Binnale Rotterdam and Architecture Workshop Brussels |
Report | 3. | Setting The Scene For A Call For Action | 2018 | Dutch Special Envoy for International Affairs, Netherlands Enterprise Agency, Architecture Workroom Brussels |
Document | 4. | Water as Leverage Semarang—One page two teams | 2019 | Water as Leverage Resilient Cities Asia |
Report | 5. | One Resilient Semarang Volume I Research, Analysis and Engagement | 2018 | One Architecture and Urbanism and Water as Leverage Resilient Cities Asia |
Report | 6. | Cascading Semarang Steps to Inclusive Growth Phase One Report | 2018 | Cascading Semarang and Water as Leverage Resilient Cities Asia |
Document | 7. | Water as Leverage Process | 2018 | Water as Leverage Resilient Cities Asia |
Document | 8. | Guidelines Water as Leverage | 2018 | The Netherlands Enterprise Agency |
Presentation | 9. | Water as Leverage: Catalyst for Water Resilient Semarang | 2019 | Dutch Special Envoy for International Affairs |
Presentation | 10. | Five Strategic Programs from Upland to Coast-towards a Resilient Semarang | 2019 | One Semarang and Cascading Semarang |
Presentation | 11. | Comprehensive Measures for Sustainable Water Management | 2019 | City Advisory Council For Development Of Semarang |
Presentation | 12. | Roadmap: Next step for Water as Leverage leading up to Singapore | 2019 | Dutch Special Envoy for International Affairs |
Presentation | 13. | MOU Water Indonesia—The Netherlands | 2019 | Delegated Representative Water Indonesia-Netherlands |
Report | 14. | Resilient Strategy Semarang: Moving Together towards a Resilient Semarang | 2019 | Semarang City Government |
Report | 15. | Semarang 6 Years Mid-Term Plan 2016–2021 | 2016 | Semarang City Government |
Report | 16. | Rebuilding with Resilience Lessons from the Rebuild by Design Competition After Hurricane Sandy | 2016 | Georgetown Climate Center |
No. | Meetings | Location | Participants | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Water as Leverage Semarang International Seminar | Semarang, Indonesia | Water as Leverage program organizers, participants, partners and representative from Dutch government and city government of Semarang | 13–14 March 2019 |
2. | Site visits to survey locations for strategic resilience proposals | Semarang, Indonesia | Team members from Cascading Semarang | 15 March 2019 |
3. | Public Seminar at Regional and Urban Planning Department, Diponegoro University | Semarang, Indonesia | Lecturers and students from Diponegoro University | 18 March 2019 |
4. | Filed visit and discussion with community members from Pangong Lor | Semarang, Indonesia | Research assistants from Diponegoro University and community members | 28 March 2019 |
5. | Filed visit and discussion with community members from Genuk Sari | Semarang, Indonesia | Research assistants from Diponegoro University and community members | 27 March 2019 |
6. | Filed visit and discussion with community members from Tangjung Mas | Semarang, Indonesia | Research assistants from Diponegoro University and community members | 25 March 2019 |
7. | Meeting and discussion with Disaster Research Center (PSBA), Gadjah Mada University | Yogyakarta, Indonesia | Lecturers, researchers and students from Gadjah Mada University | 22 March 2019 |
8. | Water as Leverage discussion and studio presentation at Academy of Architecture Amsterdam | Amsterdam, The Netherlands | Water as Leverage program participants and students and staffs from Academy of Architecture Amsterdam | 11 June 2019 |
No. | Title | Organization | Date of Interview |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Technical advisor for Chief Resilience Officer Semarang and Lecturer | Semarang Resilience Office and Diponegoro University | 21 March 2019 |
2. | Urban Planner and member of One Resilient team | Kota Kita—Our City Foundation | 21 March 2019 |
3. | Program Director and member of One Resilient team | Kota Kita—Our City Foundation | 5 April 2019 |
4. | Urban Strategic Planner and member of Cascading Semarang team | IDN Livable Cities | 22 March 2019 |
5. | Urban Consultant and member of Cascading Semarang team | IDN Livable Cities | 23 March 2019 |
6. | Process Manager and member of cascading Semarang team | Witteveen Bos | 4 March 2019 |
7. | Climate and Resilience Advisor and knowledge partner for Water as Leverage | IFRC Indonesia | 11 March 2019 |
8. | Governance Specialist and knowledge partner for Water as Leverage | Mercy Corps Indonesia | 19 March 2019 |
9. | Independent Consultant and knowledge partner for Water as Leverage | Mercy Corps Indonesia | 19 March 2019 |
10. | Green Policy Manager and knowledge partner for Water as Leverage | WWF—Indonesia | 21 March 2019 |
11. | Lead Water Program for Greater Mekong region | WWF Greater Mekong | 21 March 2019 |
12. | Senior Project Manager and member of One Resilient team and Cascading Semarang Team | Deltares Indonesia | 5 April 2019 |
13. | Program and Alliance Lead and knowledge partner for Water as Leverage | Care International Indonesia | 5 April 2019 |
14. | Resource Mobilization Director and program partner for Water as Leverage | Indonesia Science Fund | 27 March 2019 |
15. | Project Consultant and knowledge partner for Water as Leverage | Future Cities Laboratory Singapore | 21 March 2019 |
16. | Delegated Representative Water Netherlands—Indonesia | Netherlands Enterprise Agency and Office of Ministry of Public Works Indonesia | 4 April 2019 |
17. | Program Manager and knowledge partner for Water as Leverage | Bintari Foundation—the Indonesia Association for Sustainable Development | 2 April 2019 |
18. | Former Environmental Board and City Resilience Team of Semarang | The Government of Semarang | March 26 2019 |
19. | Former Chief Resilience Officer and Public Relation Manager at City Council Secretariat of Semarang | Semarang Resilience Office and the Government of Semarang | 20 March 2019 |
20. | Chief Resilience Officer and Head of Infrastructure and Environment Research and Development | Semarang Resilience Office and Development Planning Agency of Semarang | 30 March 2019 |
21. | Manager of Initiative for Urban Climate Change and Environment (IUCCE), Communication Manager of City Resilience Team and platform partner of Water as Leverage | Initiative for Urban Climate Change and Environment (IUCCE) | 27 March 2019 |
22. | Independent Journalist and Member of Society of Indonesian Environmental Journalists | Society of Indonesian Environmental Journalists | 19 March 2019 |
23. | Lecturer and member of Semarang’s City Resilience Office | Diponegoro University | 27 March 2019 |
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Elements | Attributes | Activities | Key References |
---|---|---|---|
Intellectual capital | Knowledge integration | Combining various fields of expertise, such as spatial design and planning, disaster and emergency management, engineering, hydrology, and ecology | Restemeyer et al. [13]; Driessen et al. [14]; Bergsma [37] |
Local knowledge | Using insights, experiences, and perspectives of local actors, especially regarding social and physical vulnerabilities | Pelling and High [38]; Bergsma [37] | |
Single-loop learning | Improving policy implementation and monitoring processes to realize existing policy goals and strategies | Gupta et al. [39]; Pahl-Wostl et al. [15] | |
Double-loop learning | Reflecting on and adjusting existing policy goals and strategies, allowing exploration and experimentation with innovative approaches and new ideas | Pahl-Wostl et al. [15]; Folke et al. [40]; Gersonius et al. [5] | |
Social capital | Inclusiveness | Stimulating collaborative processes between diverse stakeholders at different levels and supporting close engagement with communities | Wesselink et al. [12]; Restemeyer et al. [13]; Gersonius et al. [5] |
Shared values | Creating shared values on holistic and social dimensions in the design of flood adaptation solutions | Cars et al. [28]; Liao [7]; Lebel et al. [4]; Pelling and High [38] | |
Network integration | Integrating wider climate resilience and flood risk management networks | Cars et al. [28]; Pahl-Wostl [41]; Khakee [35] | |
Political capital | Local ownership | Supporting dialog and shared responsibilities by local actors to adopt and develop flood adaptation solutions | Booher and Innes [32]; Bergsma [37] |
Resources mobilization | Drawing essential financial and human resources, and technical capacities, to develop and implement flood adaptation solutions | Healey [29]; Cars et al. [28]; Khakee [35]; Restemeyer et al. [13] | |
Policy alignment | Embedding flood adaptation solutions in formal administrative and decision-making processes | Breukers and Wolsink [42]; Wesselink et al. [12] | |
Building a narrative | Create aspiring agendas to attract funding and influence decision making for transforming flood adaptation practices | Davoudi et al. [43]; Restemeyer et al. [17] | |
Change-agents | Stimulating leadership roles of front-runners, initiators, and local champions to influence and sustain policy efforts | Healey [29]; Khakee [35]; Restemeyer et al. [13]; Meijerink et al. [44] |
Attributes | WaL Key Activities |
---|---|
Intellectual capital | |
Knowledge integration |
|
Local knowledge |
|
Single-loop learning |
|
Double-loop learning |
|
Social capital | |
Inclusiveness |
|
Shared values |
|
Network integration |
|
Political capital | |
Local ownership |
|
Resources mobilization |
|
Policy alignment |
|
Building narratives |
|
Change-agents |
|
Teams | Design Consortium Members | Strategic Climate Resilience Proposals |
---|---|---|
One Resilient Semarang | One Architecture & Urbanism, Deltares, Wetlands International, Kota Kita, Sherwood Design Engineers, Hysteria Grobak, Iqbal Reza, UNDIP |
|
Cascading Semarang | MLA+, Deltares, Fabrications, PT Witteveen+Bos Indonesia, UNDIP, UNISSULA, IDN Livable Cities |
|
Elements | Institutional Strengths | Institutional Weaknesses |
---|---|---|
Intellectual capital | Integration of multidisciplinary knowledge for co-creating flood adaptation solutions | Lack of institutionalization of the resilience by design approach and, therefore, the risk of discontinuity |
Social capital | Coalition and relation building between the design teams and local stakeholders | Lack of active engagement of city-based NGOs in the resilience by design process |
Political capital | Ownership and support of the local government and the city’s change-agents to up take flood adaptation solutions | Lack of formal links with the national government and, consequently, little integration of the proposals in the existing institutional context |
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Laeni, N.; Brink, M.v.d.; Busscher, T.; Ovink, H.; Arts, J. Building Local Institutional Capacities for Urban Flood Adaptation: Lessons from the Water as Leverage Program in Semarang, Indonesia. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10104. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310104
Laeni N, Brink Mvd, Busscher T, Ovink H, Arts J. Building Local Institutional Capacities for Urban Flood Adaptation: Lessons from the Water as Leverage Program in Semarang, Indonesia. Sustainability. 2020; 12(23):10104. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310104
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaeni, Naim, Margo van den Brink, Tim Busscher, Henk Ovink, and Jos Arts. 2020. "Building Local Institutional Capacities for Urban Flood Adaptation: Lessons from the Water as Leverage Program in Semarang, Indonesia" Sustainability 12, no. 23: 10104. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310104