Unveiling the Effect of Mean and Volatility Spillover between the United States Economic Policy Uncertainty and WTI Crude Oil Price
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The VAR Model
2.2. The BEKK-GARCH Model
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Data Description
3.2. Stationarity Test
3.3. Granger Causality Test
3.4. Mean Spillover Effect
3.5. Impulse Response Analysis
3.6. Volatility Spillover Effect
4. Conclusions, Implication and Future Directions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sr. | Models | Features |
---|---|---|
1 | GARCH (1986) | Simple and easy to operate with few restrictions on coefficients, negatively reflecting asymmetric effects, using low-frequency data [32]. |
2 | VECH-GARCH (1988) | Modeling the covariance matrix, but the covariance matrix cannot be guaranteed to be a positive definite matrix [36]. |
3 | BEKK-GARCH (1995) | Improved on the basis of the VECH-GARCH model, the covariance matrix is a positive definite matrix, the parameters are easier to estimate, measuring the correlation and reflect the direction of spillover effects [31]. |
4 | CCC-GARCH (1990) | Modeling the correlation coefficient matrix but the coefficients are constant, describing univariate fluctuation characteristics, but negatively capturing the dynamic correlation between sequences [37]. |
5 | EGARCH (1991) | Introducing dummy variables to describe the asymmetric effect, no necessary for all estimated coefficients to be positive, but the conditional variance expression is too complicated and difficult to operate, using low-frequency data [38]. |
6 | TGARCH (1994) | Introducing dummy variables to describe the asymmetric effect, all estimated coefficients to be positive, using low-frequency data [39]. |
7 | DCC-GARCH (2001) | Improved on the basis of the CCC-GARCH model, introducing dynamic conditional correlation to capture the volatility spillover effect, applicable to large relation matrix, negatively describing asymmetric effects [40]. |
8 | Realized GARCH (2012) | Using high-frequency data that contain more information, but also more noise. The impact of noise cannot be measured, and further research is needed [41]. |
9 | GARCH-MIDAS (2013) | Using high frequency and low-frequency data, suitable to describe long-term relationships, not short-term data [42]. |
Variables | Definitions of Variables |
---|---|
LGWTI | Log transformation of WTI spot price |
DLGWTI | First log difference of WTI spot price |
LGUSAEPU | Log transformation of US economic policy uncertainty index |
DLGUSAEPU | First log difference of US economic policy uncertainty index |
Variable | 1% Level | 5% Level | 10% Level | ADF | Prob. | Stationarity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LGUSAEPU | −2.571 | −1.942 | −1.616 | −0.088 | 0.653 | Non-stationary |
DLGUSAEPU | −2.571 | −1.942 | −1.616 | −14.741 | 0.000 | Stationary |
LGWTI | −3.446 | −2.869 | −2.571 | −1.951 | 0.309 | Non-stationary |
DLGWTI | −3.446 | −2.869 | −2.571 | −15.575 | 0.000 | Stationary |
Null Hypothesis | Obs. | F-Statistic | Prob. | Reject/Accept |
---|---|---|---|---|
H1: DLGUSAEPU does not Granger Cause DLGWTI | 395 | 2.278 ** | 0.028 | Not accepted |
H2: DLGWTI does not Granger Cause DLGUSAEPU | 395 | 1.477 | 0.174 | Accepted |
DLGWTI | DLG USAEPU | DLGWTI | DLG USAEPU | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.281 *** | −0.226 | −0.040 ** | −0.3783 | ||
[5.477] | [−1.457] | [−2.402] | [−7.466] | ||
−0.016 | −0.122 | −0.035 ** | −0.308 | ||
[−0.298] | [−0.768] | [−1.984] | [−5.741] | ||
−0.049 | 0.316 ** | −0.021 | −0.328 | ||
[−0.950] | [2.020] | [−1.130] | [−5.874] | ||
C | 0.003 | 0.002 | |||
[0.854] | [0.198] | ||||
R-squared | 0.204 | 0.289 | S.E. equation | 0.078 | 0.236 |
Adj. R-squared | 0.161 | 0.227 | F-Statistic | 4.057 | 6.631 |
Variable | Coeff | S.E | T-Stat | Significance | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Mean (DLGWTI) | 0.00498 | 0.00398 | 1.24927 | 0.21157 |
2 | Mean (DLGUSAEPU) | 0.00086 | 0.01209 | 0.07137 | 0.94311 |
3 | C (1,1) | 0.01901 | 0.01119 | 1.69847 | 0.08942 |
4 | C (2,1) | 0.18612 ** | 0.04010 | 4.64121 | 0.00000 |
5 | C (2,2) | 0.00004 | 0.41300 | 0.00009 | 0.99993 |
6 | A (1,1) | 0.47397 *** | 0.06250 | 7.58366 | 0.00000 |
7 | A (1,2) | 0.05132 * | 0.02268 | 2.24809 | 0.02406 |
8 | A (2,1) | −0.07957 *** | 0.02032 | −3.91659 | 0.00009 |
9 | A (2,2) | −0.21010 ** | 0.08758 | −2.39899 | 0.01644 |
10 | B (1,1) | 0.73877 *** | 0.07260 | 10.17623 | 0.00000 |
11 | B (1,2) | 0.10374 *** | 0.03107 | 3.33817 | 0.00043 |
12 | B (2,1) | −0.11538 *** | 0.02567 | −4.49459 | 0.00001 |
13 | B (2,2) | 0.66395 *** | 0.17259 | 3.84697 | 0.00012 |
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Su, R.; Du, J.; Shahzad, F.; Long, X. Unveiling the Effect of Mean and Volatility Spillover between the United States Economic Policy Uncertainty and WTI Crude Oil Price. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6662. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166662
Su R, Du J, Shahzad F, Long X. Unveiling the Effect of Mean and Volatility Spillover between the United States Economic Policy Uncertainty and WTI Crude Oil Price. Sustainability. 2020; 12(16):6662. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166662
Chicago/Turabian StyleSu, Ruixin, Jianguo Du, Fakhar Shahzad, and Xingle Long. 2020. "Unveiling the Effect of Mean and Volatility Spillover between the United States Economic Policy Uncertainty and WTI Crude Oil Price" Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6662. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166662
APA StyleSu, R., Du, J., Shahzad, F., & Long, X. (2020). Unveiling the Effect of Mean and Volatility Spillover between the United States Economic Policy Uncertainty and WTI Crude Oil Price. Sustainability, 12(16), 6662. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166662