Gender Gaps in the Use of Urban Space in Seoul: Analyzing Spatial Patterns of Temporary Populations Using Mobile Phone Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Gender and Urban Environment
2.1.1. Modern History of Gender Equality
2.1.2. Gender in the Urban Planning Field
2.2. Temporary Population
3. Data and Methods
3.1. Study Areas and Data Source
3.2. Description of Variables
3.2.1. Dependent Variables
3.2.2. Independent Variables
3.3. Methods
4. Results
4.1. Kernel Density Analysis
4.2. Spatial Autocorrelation
4.2.1. Moran’s I
4.2.2. Local Indicators of Spatial Association
4.3. Results of Spatial Regression Analysis
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variable | Total | Women’s | Men’s | SMW | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | t | Coef. | t | Coef. | t | Coef. | t | |
Constant | 295.84 *** | 10.11 | 158.41 *** | 9.82 | 136.41 *** | 10.17 | −21.62 *** | −4.46 |
Jongno-gu | 74.35 *** | 5.39 | 36.64 *** | 4.82 | 37.67 *** | 5.96 | 1.04 | 0.46 |
Jung-gu | 41.60 *** | 2.65 | 27.82 *** | 3.21 | 13.84 * | 1.92 | −14.00 *** | −5.37 |
Yeongdeungpo-gu | 34.10 *** | 2.83 | 20.18 *** | 3.04 | 13.99 ** | 2.53 | −6.22 *** | −3.11 |
Seocho-gu | −24.01 ** | −2.37 | −14.47 *** | −2.60 | −9.56 ** | −2.06 | 4.92 *** | 2.94 |
Songpa-gu | −111.29 *** | −9.92 | −64.57 *** | −10.45 | −46.69 *** | −9.07 | 17.87 *** | 9.60 |
Business density | −0.91 ** | −2.19 | −0.59 ** | −2.57 | −0.32 * | −1.69 | −67.7 *** | −23.53 |
Housing density | 0.02 | 1.08 | 0.01 | 0.91 | 0.01 | 1.21 | 0.27 *** | 3.85 |
Distance to detached house | 0.13 ** | 5.90 | 0.08 *** | 6.71 | 0.05 *** | 4.81 | 0.001 | 0.34 |
Distance to apartment | 47.45 *** | 31.45 | 28.05 *** | 33.75 | 19.42 *** | 28.07 | −0.03 *** | −8.99 |
Land price | −1.05 | −1.30 | −0.97 ** | −2.19 | −0.06 | −0.17 | −8.63 *** | −34.51 |
Population density | −5.55 *** | −5.11 | −2.34 ** | −3.90 | −3.18 *** | −6.39 | 11.32 *** | 18.13 |
Child dependency ratio | 333.42 *** | 19.22 | 200.55 *** | 20.99 | 132.82 *** | 16.69 | 0.91 *** | 6.76 |
Old-age dependency ratio | 7.54 ** | 2.00 | −1.89 | −0.91 | 9.42 *** | 5.46 | −0.86 *** | −4.77 |
Distance to department store | 0.15 ** | 2.23 | −0.02 | −0.45 | 0.17 *** | 5.37 | −3.07 *** | −6.03 |
Clothing retails | 5.08 *** | 4.60 | 3.76 *** | 6.17 | 1.34 *** | 2.63 | 0.19 *** | 16.36 |
Real estate brokerages | −16.45 *** | −7.98 | −8.26 *** | −7.28 | −8.18 *** | −8.65 | −2.43 *** | −13.24 |
Supermarkets | −2.83 *** | −4.56 | −1.86 *** | −5.44 | −0.97 *** | −3.40 | 0.08 | 0.24 |
Hair beauty shops | −4.29 | −1.19 | −5.20 *** | −2.61 | 0.96 | 0.58 | 0.89 *** | 8.66 |
Snack bars | 11.78 *** | 8.85 | 5.76 *** | 7.85 | 6.02 *** | 9.86 | 6.14 *** | 10.25 |
Bakeries | 5.50 *** | 4.27 | 3.18 *** | 4.49 | 2.33 *** | 3.95 | 0.26 | 1.20 |
Singing rooms | 12.55 *** | 5.19 | 7.23 *** | 5.43 | 5.35 *** | 4.83 | −0.85 *** | −4.00 |
Computer game rooms | 1.15 | 0.65 | 2.86 *** | 2.90 | −1.71 ** | −2.08 | −1.89 *** | −4.70 |
Billiard rooms | 7.08 ** | 2.31 | 5.08 *** | 3.00 | 2.02 | 1.43 | −4.56 *** | −15.39 |
Density of cultural facilities | −4.46 * | −1.87 | −6.01 *** | −4.59 | 1.56 | 1.43 | 7.57 *** | 19.20 |
Distance to park | 73.93 *** | 3.61 | 51.14 *** | 4.53 | 22.83 ** | 2.43 | −28.33 *** | −8.33 |
Distance to bus stop | −315.88 *** | −18.16 | −174.98 *** | −18.27 | −140.95 *** | −17.67 | 34.05 *** | 11.80 |
Distance to subway station | −63.05 *** | −11.63 | −36.69 *** | −12.29 | −26.33 *** | −10.59 | 10.36 *** | 11.52 |
R-squared | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.18 | ||||
N | 49,368 | 49,368 | 49,368 | 49,368 | ||||
Log likelihood | −388,381 | −358,936 | −349,904 | −299,678 | ||||
AIC | 776,818 | 717,927 | 699,865 | 599,411 | ||||
SC | 777,065 | 718,174 | 700,111 | 599,658 | ||||
LM-Lag | 11,887.5 *** | 12,871.3 *** | 10,927.2 *** | 19,054.4 *** | ||||
LM-Error | 11,696.1 *** | 12,650.2 *** | 10,763.5 *** | 18,618.7 *** | ||||
Robust LM-Lag | 206.2 *** | 235.6 *** | 178.9 *** | 452.0 *** | ||||
Robust LM-Error | 14.7 *** | 14.5 *** | 15.2 *** | 16.3 *** |
Variable | Total | Women’s | Men’s | SMW | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | z | Coef. | z | Coef. | z | Coef. | z | |
Constant | 367.82 | 7.94 | 162.31 *** | 7.75 | 201.41 *** | 7.78 | −40.17 *** | −4.79 |
Jongno-gu | 77.41 *** | 3.38 | 37.71 *** | 3.65 | 39.78 *** | 3.10 | −3.52 | −0.83 |
Jung-gu | 59.13 *** | 2.25 | 20.33 * | 1.72 | 39.40 *** | 2.68 | −19.96 *** | −4.08 |
Yeongdeungpo-gu | 17.56 | 0.87 | 7.65 | 0.84 | 10.40 | 0.92 | −2.70 | −0.72 |
Seocho-gu | −12.59 | −0.74 | −5.04 | −0.66 | −7.57 | −0.79 | 2.58 | 0.81 |
Songpa-gu | −105.52 *** | −5.58 | −43.25 *** | −5.08 | −62.20 *** | −5.87 | 20.06 *** | 5.67 |
Business density | 305.43 *** | 11.03 | 123.5 *** | 9.87 | 181.49 *** | 11.74 | −55.93 *** | −11.15 |
Housing density | −0.16 | −0.34 | −0.05 | −0.25 | −0.10 | −0.39 | 0.03 | 0.44 |
Distance to detached house | 0.02 | 0.95 | 0.01 | 0.96 | 0.01 | 0.90 | −0.002 | −0.46 |
Distance to apartment | 0.13 *** | 3.64 | 0.05 *** | 3.08 | 0.08 *** | 4.01 | −0.03 *** | −4.49 |
Land price | 41.53 *** | 18.12 | 17.22 *** | 16.56 | 24.32 *** | 19.05 | −6.94 *** | −17.10 |
Population density | 9.9 | 1.63 | 9.81 *** | 3.58 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 8.93 *** | 8.09 |
Child dependency ratio | −1.54 | −1.18 | −0.25 | −0.42 | −1.20 | −1.63 | 0.93 *** | 3.89 |
Aged dependency ratio | −6.33 *** | −3.70 | −3.31 *** | −4.28 | −2.91 *** | −3.05 | −0.27 | −0.88 |
Distance to department store | −0.67 | −0.13 | −1.3 | −0.56 | 0.67 | 0.23 | −2.19 | −2.28 |
Clothing retails | 0.08 | 0.73 | 0.12 ** | 2.48 | −0.04 | −0.72 | 0.15 *** | 7.51 |
Real estate brokerages | 3.13 ** | 1.99 | 0.79 | 1.11 | 2.35 *** | 2.69 | −1.36 *** | −5.05 |
Supermarkets | −14.82 *** | −4.55 | −7.49 *** | −5.08 | −7.33 *** | −4.03 | −0.07 | −0.11 |
Hair beauty shops | −2.6 *** | −2.58 | −0.92 ** | −2.01 | −1.67 *** | −2.96 | 0.70 *** | 3.79 |
Snack bars | −5.36 | −0.94 | 0.36 | 0.14 | −5.52 ** | −1.74 | 5.63 *** | 5.51 |
Bakeries | 10.47 *** | 4.98 | 5.4 *** | 5.68 | 5.08 *** | 4.33 | 0.17 | 0.45 |
Singing rooms | 5.03 ** | 2.43 | 2.2 ** | 2.36 | 2.86 ** | 2.48 | −0.58 | −1.55 |
Computer game rooms | 8.99 ** | 2.35 | 3.94 ** | 2.28 | 5.19 ** | 2.43 | −1.25 | −1.81 |
Billiard rooms | 0.26 | 0.09 | −2.03 | −1.57 | 2.27 | 1.42 | −4.24 *** | −8.16 |
Density of cultural facilities | −5.89 * | −1.78 | −0.04 | −0.03 | −5.76 *** | −3.14 | 4.97 *** | 8.81 |
Distance to park | 72.77 ** | 2.16 | 24.01 | 1.58 | 48.58 *** | 2.58 | −22.97 *** | −3.70 |
Distance to bus stop | −297.1 *** | −10.60 | −131.67 *** | −10.41 | −165.63 *** | −10.57 | 35.21 *** | 6.88 |
Distance to subway station | −66.35 *** | −7.36 | −27.49 *** | −6.77 | −38.78 *** | −7.68 | 11.36 *** | 6.80 |
Lambda () | 0.49 *** | 99.25 | 0.48 *** | 94.60 | 0.51 *** | 103.94 | 0.59 *** | 133.34 |
R-squared | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.45 | ||||
N | 49,368 | 49,368 | 49,368 | 49,368 | ||||
Log likelihood | −83,774 | −345,658 | −353,958 | −292,308 | ||||
AIC | 767,605 | 691,372 | 707,973 | 584,672 | ||||
SC | 767,851 | 691,619 | 708,219 | 584,919 |
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Gu | Num. of Points | Percent | Center | Num. of Points | Percent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jongno-gu | 5,620 | 11.4 | Hanyang Doseong | 9,333 | 18.9 |
Jung-gu | 3,713 | 7.5 | Yeouido-Yeongdeungpo | 7,522 | 15.2 |
Yeongdeungpo-gu | 7,522 | 15.2 | Gangnam | 32,513 | 65.9 |
Gangnam-gu | 11,641 | 23.6 | |||
Seocho-gu | 10,131 | 20.5 | |||
Songpa-gu | 10,741 | 21.8 | |||
Total | 49,368 | 100.0 | Total | 49,368 | 100.0 |
Variable | Variable Description | Mean | S.D. |
---|---|---|---|
Dependent variables | |||
Total temporary population | Sum of daily temporary population of women and that of men | 425.40 | 677.63 |
Women’s temporary population | Daily temporary population of women | 188.06 | 308.20 |
Men’s temporary population | Daily temporary population of men | 237.32 | 375.90 |
SMW | Subtraction of men’s temporary population from women’s temporary population | −49.27 | 115.91 |
Local dummy variables | |||
Gangnam-gu | Reference group | 0.24 | - |
Jongno-gu | 1 if Jongno-gu, 0 otherwise | 0.11 | - |
Jung-gu | 1 if Jung-gu, 0 otherwise | 0.08 | - |
Yeongdeungpo-gu | 1 if Yeongdeungpo-gu, 0 otherwise | 0.15 | - |
Seocho-gu | 1 if Seocho-gu, 0 otherwise | 0.21 | - |
Songpa-gu | 1 if Songpa-gu, 0 otherwise | 0.22 | - |
Land use characteristics | |||
Business density | Number of businesses per hundred square meters by dong | 0.21 | 0.27 |
Housing density | Number of houses per thousand square meters by dong | 4.56 | 6.91 |
Distance to detached house | Distance from pCell point to the nearest detached house (m) | 196.36 | 258.65 |
Distance to apartment | Distance from pCell point to the nearest apartment (m) | 110.21 | 166.08 |
Land price | Average land price by dong (mil. KRW/m2) | 4.48 | 2.92 |
Demographic characteristics | |||
Population density | Population per hundred square meters by dong | 1.65 | 1.13 |
Child dependency ratio | (Number of people aged 0 to 14/number of people aged 15 to 64) × 100 by dong | 16.65 | 5.08 |
Old-age dependency ratio | (Number of people aged 65 and over/number of people aged 15 to 64) × 100 by dong | 14.75 | 4.34 |
Commercial services | |||
Distance to department store | Distance from pCell point to the nearest department store (km) | 2.36 | 1.56 |
Clothing retailers | Floor area of clothing retailers by dong (1000 m2) | 18.90 | 56.06 |
Real estate brokerages | Floor area of real estate brokerages by dong (1000 m2) | 3.44 | 3.19 |
Supermarkets | Floor area of supermarkets by dong (1000 m2) | 3.02 | 2.09 |
Hair beauty shops | Floor area of hair beauty shops by dong (1000 m2) | 3.72 | 5.54 |
Snack bars | Floor area of snack bars by dong (1000 m2) | 1.86 | 1.05 |
Bakeries | Floor area of bakeries by dong (1000 m2) | 3.29 | 2.97 |
Singing rooms | Floor area of singing rooms by dong (1000 m2) | 2.60 | 3.02 |
Computer game rooms | Floor area of computer game rooms by dong (1000 m2) | 1.38 | 1.49 |
Billiard rooms | Floor area of billiard rooms by dong (1000 m2) | 1.86 | 2.09 |
Public services | |||
Density of cultural facilities | Number of cultural facilities per hundred thousand square meters by dong | 0.29 | 1.29 |
Distance to park | Distance from pCell point to the nearest neighborhood park (km) | 0.17 | 0.16 |
Proximity to Public Transit | |||
Distance to bus stop | Distance from pCell point to the nearest bus stop (km) | 0.24 | 0.21 |
Distance to subway station | Distance from pCell point to the nearest subway station (km) | 0.74 | 0.77 |
Variable | Moran’s I | z | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Total temporary population | 0.44 | 144.26 | 0.000 |
Women’s temporary population | 0.41 | 136.70 | 0.000 |
Men’s temporary population | 0.46 | 151.32 | 0.000 |
SMW | 0.57 | 185.71 | 0.000 |
Variable | Total | Women’s | Men’s | SMW | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | z | Coef. | z | Coef. | z | Coef. | z | |
Constant | 143.29 *** | 5.56 | 67.85 *** | 5.68 | 73.75 *** | 5.24 | −8.51 ** | −2.15 |
Jongno-gu | 41.81 *** | 3.44 | 21.54 *** | 3.83 | 20.26 *** | 3.06 | 0.12 | 0.06 |
Jung-gu | 24.10 * | 1.74 | 8.47 | 1.32 | 15.52 ** | 2.06 | −6.36 *** | −2.99 |
Yeongdeungpo-gu | 19.25 * | 1.81 | 8.14 * | 1.65 | 11.18 * | 1.93 | −2.98 * | −1.82 |
Seocho-gu | −10.77 | −1.21 | −4.32 | −1.05 | −6.42 | −1.32 | 2.04 | 1.49 |
Songpa-gu | −58.03 *** | −5.87 | −25.14 *** | −5.49 | −32.60 *** | −6.05 | 7.43 *** | 4.88 |
Business density | 168.14 *** | 10.96 | 69.01 *** | 9.72 | 98.17 *** | 11.72 | −27.85 *** | −11.76 |
Housing density | −0.37 | −1.02 | −0.13 | −0.76 | −0.24 | −1.20 | 0.10 * | 1.75 |
Distance to detached house | 0.01 | 0.84 | 0.01 | 0.93 | 0.01 | 0.73 | 0.002 | 0.07 |
Distance to apartment | 0.07 *** | 3.59 | 0.03 *** | 3.03 | 0.04 *** | 3.97 | −0.01 *** | −4.53 |
Land price | 24.36 *** | 18.11 | 10.28 *** | 16.54 | 13.99 *** | 19.04 | −3.62 *** | −17.44 |
Population density | 3.99 | 1.21 | 4.99 *** | 3.25 | −0.83 | −0.46 | 4.63 *** | 9.04 |
Child dependency ratio | −0.40 | −0.56 | 0.04 | 0.12 | −0.40 | −1.03 | 0.37 *** | 3.40 |
Old-age dependency ratio | −2.88 *** | −3.01 | −1.68 *** | −3.78 | −1.18 ** | −2.26 | −0.33 ** | −2.24 |
Distance to department store | 4.02 * | 1.49 | 1.25 | 1.00 | 2.75 * | 1.86 | −1.30 *** | −3.13 |
Clothing retailers | 0.05 | 0.89 | 0.08 *** | 2.78 | −0.02 | −0.68 | 0.08 *** | 8.54 |
Real estate brokerages | 2.43 ** | 2.50 | 0.63 | 1.39 | 1.79 *** | 3.36 | −1.01 *** | −6.74 |
Supermarkets | −8.77 *** | −4.83 | −4.46 *** | −5.30 | −4.32 *** | −4.36 | 0.10 | 0.35 |
Hair beauty shops | −1.50 *** | −2.75 | −0.54 ** | −2.12 | −0.95 *** | −3.18 | 0.37 *** | 4.36 |
Snack bars | −1.40 | −0.44 | 0.88 | 0.60 | −2.14 | −1.23 | 2.52 *** | 5.14 |
Bakeries | 6.10 *** | 5.20 | 3.20 *** | 5.89 | 2.90 *** | 4.54 | 0.09 | 0.52 |
Singing rooms | 2.96 *** | 2.62 | 1.31 ** | 2.50 | 1.65 *** | 2.68 | −0.33 ** | −1.92 |
Computer game rooms | 6.40 *** | 3.01 | 2.82 *** | 2.86 | 3.61 *** | 3.11 | −0.81 *** | −2.46 |
Billiard rooms | 0.28 | 0.18 | −1.04 | −1.43 | 1.24 | 1.45 | −1.88 *** | −7.74 |
Density of cultural facilities | −2.70 | −1.29 | 0.67 | 0.69 | −3.26 *** | −2.85 | 3.28 *** | 10.16 |
Distance to park | 41.61 ** | 2.31 | 14.01 * | 1.68 | 27.22 *** | 2.77 | −11.48 *** | −4.13 |
Distance to bus stop | −161.13 *** | −10.48 | −74.23 *** | −10.43 | −86.52 *** | −10.32 | 13.83 *** | 5.86 |
Distance to subway station | −32.16 *** | −6.72 | −13.86 *** | −6.26 | −18.12 *** | −6.95 | 4.22 *** | 5.73 |
Rho ( | 0.50 *** | 100.09 | 0.48 *** | 95.36 | 0.51 *** | 104.87 | 0.59 *** | 134.16 |
R-squared | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.35 | 0.45 | ||||
N | 49,368 | 49,368 | 49,368 | 49,368 | ||||
Log likelihood | −383,688 | −345,585 | −353,858 | −292,122 | ||||
AIC | 767,434 | 691,229 | 707,775 | 584,302 | ||||
SC | 767,690 | 691,484 | 708,030 | 584,558 |
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Jo, A.; Lee, S.-K.; Kim, J. Gender Gaps in the Use of Urban Space in Seoul: Analyzing Spatial Patterns of Temporary Populations Using Mobile Phone Data. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6481. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166481
Jo A, Lee S-K, Kim J. Gender Gaps in the Use of Urban Space in Seoul: Analyzing Spatial Patterns of Temporary Populations Using Mobile Phone Data. Sustainability. 2020; 12(16):6481. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166481
Chicago/Turabian StyleJo, Areum, Sang-Kyeong Lee, and Jaecheol Kim. 2020. "Gender Gaps in the Use of Urban Space in Seoul: Analyzing Spatial Patterns of Temporary Populations Using Mobile Phone Data" Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6481. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166481