Perspectives of Using Lignin as Additive to Improve the Permeability of In-Situ Soils for Barrier Materials in Landfills
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- −
- a bottom liner of compacted soil ≥ 1 m with hydraulic conductivity (k) ≤ 1 × 10−7 cm/s and
- −
- a top-sealing layer of compacted soil ≥ 0.5 m with hydraulic conductivity (k) ≤ 1 × 10−6 cm/s.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Organosolv Lignin
2.2. Soils
2.3. Experimental Procedures and Soil Characteristics
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Lignin on Consolidation and Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil SB
3.2. Effect of Lignin on Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil SA
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
- −
- The hydraulic conductivity of soil SB amended with 10% in weight of lignin did not reach the values required for landfill bottom liners (k < 10−7 cm/s). In addition, the mixture showed compressibility higher than that of the soil alone, making it unsuitable to be used under the loads induced by the landfill.
- −
- For soil SA, the increase in the ratio of lignin (28–30% in weight) may lead to an effective reduction in hydraulic conductivity, reaching values lower than k < 10−6 cm/s as recommended for the top-sealing layer of landfills by the Italian regulation.
- −
- The improvement of k of soil SA may be attributed mainly by physical binding produced by lignin, which filled the micropores formed by fine-grained particles.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aliphatic-OH | Carboxylic Acid | Phenolic-OH | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Syringyl | Guaiacyl | p-Hydroxyphenyl | ||
3.99 | 4.05 | 1.91 | 3.81 | 6.11 |
Soil | Grain Size (%) | CF (%) | Gs (−) | Compaction Properties | PI (%) | OM (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fines | Sand | Gravel | MDUW (kN/m3) | OMC (%) | |||||
SA | 33.0 | 67.0 | - | 3 | 2.66 | 17.5 | 13.2 | N.P. | 1.5 |
SB | 48.5 | 42.7 | 8.8 | 8 | 2.51 | 11.1 | 18.4 | N.P. | 3.0 |
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Di Matteo, L.; Bulletti, L.; Capecchi, E.; La Viola, A.; Piccinino, D.; Piscopo, V. Perspectives of Using Lignin as Additive to Improve the Permeability of In-Situ Soils for Barrier Materials in Landfills. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5197. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125197
Di Matteo L, Bulletti L, Capecchi E, La Viola A, Piccinino D, Piscopo V. Perspectives of Using Lignin as Additive to Improve the Permeability of In-Situ Soils for Barrier Materials in Landfills. Sustainability. 2020; 12(12):5197. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125197
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Matteo, Lucio, Lorenzo Bulletti, Eliana Capecchi, Antonio La Viola, Davide Piccinino, and Vincenzo Piscopo. 2020. "Perspectives of Using Lignin as Additive to Improve the Permeability of In-Situ Soils for Barrier Materials in Landfills" Sustainability 12, no. 12: 5197. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125197