Social Farming: Heterogeneity in Social and Agricultural Relationships
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Social Farming Policy Analysis at a Regional Level
- the timing of the main regulatory policy for SF at a regional level;
- the main public authority involved, and the central framework within which SF policy has been developed at a regional level;
- the core activities to be carried out, those able to carry out SF, and the support measures envisaged by the regional laws.
2.2. Social Farming Practices in the Case Study of the Marche Region
3. Results
3.1. Heterogeneous Social Farming Regional Regulatory Frameworks
3.1.1. Different Timeframes and Contexts in SF Regional Policies
3.1.2. Activities, Personnel and Support in SF Regional Policies
3.2. SF Practices in a Regional Case Study
3.2.1. Farmer Characteristics in the Empirical Cases
3.2.2. SF in the Empirical Cases
4. Discussion and Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | Regulation | Title |
---|---|---|
Abruzzo | Regional Law No. 16 of 6 July 2011 | Provisions on Social Farming |
Basilicata | Regional Law No. 53 of 17 December 2018 | Provisions on Social Farming |
Calabria | Regional Law No. 14 of 30 April 2009 | New regulations for the implementation of didactic and social activities and agritourism |
Campania | Regional Law No. 5 of 30 March 2012 | Regulations on social agriculture, social farms and social gardens and modification of Regional Law No. 11 of 7 March 1996 |
Emilia Romagna | Regional Law No. 4 of 31 March 2009 | Regulations on agritourism and multifunctionality of farms |
Friuli-Venezia Giulia | Regional Law No. 2 of 6 February 2018 | Modification of Regional Law No. 15 of 8 August 2000 and provisions on Social Farming |
Lazio | Regional Law No. 7 of 22 October 2018 | Provisions on simplification and regional development |
Liguria | Regional Law No. 36 of 21 November 2013 | Provisions on Social Farming |
Lombardy | Regional Law No. 35 of 12 December 2017 | Provisions on Social Farming |
Marche | Regional Law No. 21 of 14 November 2011 | Regional provisions on the multifunctionality of the farm and diversification in agriculture |
Molise | Regional Law No. 5 of 10 February 2014 | Provisions on Social Farming |
Piedmont | Regional Law No. 1 of 22 January 2019 | Reorganization of regulations on agriculture and rural development |
Province of Bolzano | Provincial Law No. 8 of 22 June 2018 | Social Farming |
Province of Trento | Provincial Law No. 12 of 21 July 2016 | Modification of Provincial Law on agritourism 2001 and Provincial Law on kindergarten 2002 on Social Farming |
Puglia | Regional Law No. 9 of 27 March 2018 | Provisions on Social Farming |
Sardinia | Regional Law No. 11 of 11 May 2015 | Regulation on agritourism, fishing tourism, didactic and Social Farming |
Sicily | Regional Law No. 16 of 11 August 2017 | Regional Stability Law for the year 2017—Art. 41—Social Farming |
Tuscany | Regional Law No. 24 of 26 February 2010 | Provisions on Social Farming |
Umbria | Regional Law No. 12 of 9 April 2015 | Consolidated Law on agriculture |
Veneto | Regional Law No.14 of 28 June 2013 | Provisions on Social Farming |
Region | Period of Approval | Article of Social Farming | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before National Law No. 141 of 2015 | After National Law No. 141 of 2015 | Specific Provision for SF Regulation | SF insertion within Other Regional Laws | |||
In Regulations on Agricultural Multifunctionality/Diversification | In Broader Regulations on Agriculture or Rural Development | In the Agricultural Stability Law | ||||
Abruzzo | x | x | ||||
Basilicata | x | x | ||||
Calabria | x | x | ||||
Campania | x | x | ||||
Emilia-Romagna | x | x | ||||
Friuli-Venezia Giulia | x | x | x | |||
Lazio | x | x | x | |||
Liguria | x | x | x | |||
Lombardy | x | x | ||||
Marche | x | x | ||||
Molise | x | x | ||||
Piedmont | x | x | ||||
Province of Bolzano | x | x | ||||
Province of Trento | x | x | ||||
Puglia | x | x | ||||
Sardinia | x | x | ||||
Sicily | x | x | ||||
Tuscany | x | x | x | |||
Umbria | x | x | ||||
Veneto | x | x |
Regions | Not Mentioned in the Law | Measures of Support | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Financial Contributions | Priority Criteria in Bids | Rental/Concession of Public Fields and Land Plots Confiscated from Mafia Organizations | Training Courses | Sensibilization of Citizens (Raising Awareness, Sales Promotion) | Definition of Dedicated Measures in the RDP—Definition of Dedicated Regional Policies | Priority Criteria or 5% Stands at Local Direct Markets for Farms Providing SF Products | ||
Abruzzo | x | x | x | |||||
Basilicata | x | x | x | |||||
Calabria | x | |||||||
Campania | x | |||||||
Emilia-Romagna | x | |||||||
Friuli-Venezia Giulia | x | x | x | x | ||||
Lazio | x | |||||||
Liguria | x | x | x | x | x | |||
Lombardy | x | x | x | x | x | |||
Marche | x | |||||||
Molise | x | x | x | x | ||||
Piedmont | x | x | ||||||
Province of Bolzano | x | |||||||
Province of Trento | x | x | x | x | ||||
Puglia | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
Sardinia | x | |||||||
Sicily | x | |||||||
Tuscany | x | x | x | |||||
Umbria | x | x | x | |||||
Veneto | x | x | x | x | x | x |
Farm 1 | Farm 2 | Farm 3 | Farm 4 | Farm 5 | Farm 6 | Farm 7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year of business start-up | 2018 | 2016 | 2013 | 2013 | 2012 | 2008 | 2015 |
Province | Ancona | Pesaro Urbino | Macerata | Ancona | Pesaro Urbino | Pesaro Urbino | Pesaro Urbino |
Production systems | Horticulture, olives and fruit growing | Horticulture, olives and fruit growing | Livestock production and fruit growing | Arable crops and forage growing, viticulture | Arable crops | Fruit growing, horticulture, livestock production | Arable crops, horticulture, olive growing |
Services offered | Social inclusion, work placement | Rehabilitation: education services | Training internships, rehabilitation; educational services | Agrinido, educational and teaching services | Retail trade services | Training internships, work inclusion | Work placement, social inclusion |
Model of production | Organic | Organic | Organic | Organic | Organic | Organic (not certified) | Organic |
Number of employed | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 20 | 3–5 | 8–11 |
Subscription to SF regional list operators (EROAS) | YES | YES | YES | YES | NO | YES | NO |
Name | Farm 1 | Farm 2 | Farm 3 | Farm 4 | Farm 5 | Farm 6 | Farm 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social farming activities | YES—different projects of SF mainly to offset periods when farming stops | YES—thanks to the conversion of an unused building into a day care centre for the mentally disadvantaged | YES—rehabilitation activities for disabled people with the support of their donkeys | YES—Agrinido Project | YES—Emporio ae project | YES—several SF projects | YES—Several SF projects |
Main activities | Rehabilitation activities; biodynamic educational projects; work placement | Educational and rehabilitation activities with the support of animals; gardening; basketry and weaving activities | Assisted rehabilitation therapy with the support of animals; work placement; educational activities | Outdoor early childhood education | Production and retail | Educational farm, apiculture, active longevity, work placement, educational activities | Production and retail, environmental education work placement, therapeutic activities with vegetable garden |
Beneficiaries | Mentally disadvantaged; children; teenagers; the elderly; prisoners and people with addictions | Mentally disadvantaged | Mentally disadvantaged; children; teenagers; adults with addiction problems | Children aged 0–3 | Mentally disadvantaged | Mentally disadvantaged, children, the elderly | Disabled people, prisoners, minors and adults with addiction problems |
Project duration | Ongoing since 2018 | Ongoing since 2016 | Ongoing since 2013 | Ongoing since 2014 | Ongoing since 2010 | Ongoing since 2008 | Ongoing since 2015 |
Typology of SF | Second | First | Second | First | Third | Second | Third |
Strengths | Concrete support to disadvantaged people | Social inclusion of people with disabilities | Labour inclusion of people with disabilities | Farm as setting of educational activities plus diversification of farm activities | Innovative interaction between local farmers and public services | Labour inclusion of people with disabilities | Development of the rural areas, setting SF in public policy agenda |
Weakness | Low financial support | Low financial support | Focus on regional pilot projects, neglecting people with disabilities social inclusion needs | High costs of staff and management | Low financial support and limited to regional pilot projects | Distance and diversity between the social and agricultural field; Lack of communication between them | Insufficient support for the viability of farms; difficulty of collaboration between farms and social cooperatives |
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Genova, A.; Maccaroni, M.; Viganò, E. Social Farming: Heterogeneity in Social and Agricultural Relationships. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4824. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124824
Genova A, Maccaroni M, Viganò E. Social Farming: Heterogeneity in Social and Agricultural Relationships. Sustainability. 2020; 12(12):4824. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124824
Chicago/Turabian StyleGenova, Angela, Martina Maccaroni, and Elena Viganò. 2020. "Social Farming: Heterogeneity in Social and Agricultural Relationships" Sustainability 12, no. 12: 4824. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124824