Digital Cement Integrity: A Methodology for 3D Visualization of Cracks and Microannuli in Well Cement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Methodology
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. CT Scanning Procedure
2.3. Post Processing of CT Images
2.4. Simulation of Fluid Flow
2.5. Limitations of Experimental Procedure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Visualization of Radial Cracks and Internal Defects in Cement Sheaths
3.2. Visualization of Microannuli and Cement Debonding
3.3. Visualization of Fluid Flow through Cracks and Microannuli
4. Conclusions
- Radial cracks do usually not form in symmetrical and predictable patterns. Only one crack is formed first, and subsequent cracks may form later. The cement cracks may propagate into the surrounding rock.
- Microannuli do not have uniform geometries with homogeneous aperture around the circumference. Real microannuli geometries can be somewhat random and may depend upon how they are generated.
- Fluid flow through cracks and microannuli do not follow Darcian linearity, due to local heterogeneities and complex flow patterns.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vrålstad, T.; Skorpa, R. Digital Cement Integrity: A Methodology for 3D Visualization of Cracks and Microannuli in Well Cement. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4128. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104128
Vrålstad T, Skorpa R. Digital Cement Integrity: A Methodology for 3D Visualization of Cracks and Microannuli in Well Cement. Sustainability. 2020; 12(10):4128. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104128
Chicago/Turabian StyleVrålstad, Torbjørn, and Ragnhild Skorpa. 2020. "Digital Cement Integrity: A Methodology for 3D Visualization of Cracks and Microannuli in Well Cement" Sustainability 12, no. 10: 4128. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104128
APA StyleVrålstad, T., & Skorpa, R. (2020). Digital Cement Integrity: A Methodology for 3D Visualization of Cracks and Microannuli in Well Cement. Sustainability, 12(10), 4128. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104128