A Social-Ecological System Framework for Marine Aquaculture Research
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. The SES Framework Applied to Marine Aquaculture
3.1.1. Four Subsystems: Resource System, Resource Units, Actors, and the Governance System
3.1.2. Exogenous Influences: The Social, Political, and Economic Setting and Related Ecosystems
3.1.3. Focal Action Situation: Interactions and Outcomes
3.2. Application: Marine Aquaculture in Maine (USA)
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Resource System (RS) | Actors (A) |
RS1—Resource Sector: Marine Aquaculture | A1—Number of relevant actors |
RS2—Clarity of system boundaries | A2—Socioeconomic attributes |
RS3—Size of resource system | A3—History or past experiences (of actors) |
RS4—Human constructed facilities | A4—Location in relation to resource & market |
RS5—Productivity | A5—Leadership/entrepreneurship |
RS5.1 Stock status | A6—Norms/Social capital |
RS5.2 Biophysical factors | A6.1 Trust and reciprocity |
RS6—Predictability of the system | A7—Knowledge of SES/mental models |
RS7—Connectivity | A8—Importance of resource |
RS8—Location | A8.1—Economic importance of resource |
A8.2—Cultural importance of resource | |
A9—Characteristics of the technologies used | |
Resource Units (RU) | Governance Systems (GS) |
RU1—Mobility of the resource units | GS1—Policy area |
RU2—Growth or replacement rate of RUs | GS2—Geographic range |
RU3—Interaction among resource units | GS3—Size of Population |
RU4—Economic value of the resource | GS4—Regime type |
RU5—Number or size of units produced | GS5—Organizations |
RU6—Distinctive characteristics | GS5.1 Government organizations |
RU7—Spatial and temporal distribution | GS5.2 Non-government organizations |
GS6—Rules-in-use | |
GS6.1 Operational rules | |
GS6.2 Collective choice rules | |
GS6.3 Constitutional Rules | |
GS7—Property rights | |
GS8—Norms and strategies | |
GS9—Network structure | |
GS10—Historical continuity |
Exogenous Influences | Focal Action Situation |
---|---|
Social, Economic, and Political Setting (S) | Interactions (I) |
S1—Economic development trends | I1—Farming (Harvesting) |
S2—Demographic trends | I2—Information sharing |
S2.1 Urbanization | I3—Deliberative processes |
S2.2 Gentrification | I4—Conflicts between/among actors |
S3—Political stability | I5—Investment activities |
S4—Non-local govt. org mandates | I6—Lobbying activities |
S5—Markets | I7—Self-organizing activities |
S5.1 Demand | I8—Networking activities |
S5.2 Suppliers of industry inputs | I9—Monitoring and sanctioning activities |
S6—Media | I10—Evaluation activities |
S7—Technology available | |
S8—Perceptions of other marine users | |
Related Ecosystems (ECO) | Outcomes (O) |
ECO1—Climate patterns | O1—Social performance measures |
ECO1.1 Ocean acidification | O1.1.1 Economic carrying capacity |
ECO2—Pollution Patterns | O1.2 Social resilience |
ECO3—Flows into/out of focal system | O1.3 Efficiency |
O1.3.1 Technical efficiency | |
O1.3.2 Economic efficiency | |
O1.3.3 Social efficiency | |
O2—Ecological performance measures | |
O2.1 Ecological carrying capacity | |
O2.2 Ecological resilience | |
O3—Externalities to other SESs |
System Component | Variable Name | Variable Metric | Damariscotta | Bagaduce |
---|---|---|---|---|
Resource System | ||||
RS1 | Resource Sector | Oyster aquaculture | ||
RS3 | Size of RS/Physical carrying capacity | Area within RS optimal for oyster aquaculture | Higher 7.2 sq km2 | Lower 4.3 sq km2 |
RS5 | Productivity | Chlorophyll levels | Higher m(3.1) med(2.7) | Lower m(2.2), med(1.9) |
RS5.2 | Biophysical factors | Water Temperature | Warmer M(16.9) med(18.3) | Cooler M(15.6), med(15.8) |
Actors | ||||
A1 | # of Actors | # Standard Leases # of LPAs Population | 30 49 12,977 | 2 45 7820 |
A3 | Actor history | # Years experience with aquaculture | <40 Years | <10 Years |
Governance System | ||||
GS1 | Policy Arena | Oyster Aquaculture | ||
GS5.2 | NGOs | Nature of NGOs involvement in aquaculture | Supportive NGOs impacting discourse | Opposing NGOs impacting discourse |
Social, Economic, and Political Setting | ||||
S2.2 | Gentrification | Metrics from US Census (Hanes, 2018; Johnson & Hanes, 2018) | Similarly gentrified | Similarly gentrified |
Interactions | ||||
I1 | Farming | Standard Lease Area LPA Lease Area | More farming 177.83 0.49 | Less farming 9.5 0.45 |
I4 | Conflicts | Level of conflicts at lease hearings (Hanes 2018) | Low | High |
Outcomes | ||||
O1.1 | Social carrying capacity | Inferred from conflicts and development patterns | Not yet exceeded | At or exceeded |
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Johnson, T.R.; Beard, K.; Brady, D.C.; Byron, C.J.; Cleaver, C.; Duffy, K.; Keeney, N.; Kimble, M.; Miller, M.; Moeykens, S.; et al. A Social-Ecological System Framework for Marine Aquaculture Research. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2522. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092522
Johnson TR, Beard K, Brady DC, Byron CJ, Cleaver C, Duffy K, Keeney N, Kimble M, Miller M, Moeykens S, et al. A Social-Ecological System Framework for Marine Aquaculture Research. Sustainability. 2019; 11(9):2522. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092522
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohnson, Teresa R., Kate Beard, Damian C. Brady, Carrie J. Byron, Caitlin Cleaver, Kevin Duffy, Nicholas Keeney, Melissa Kimble, Molly Miller, Shane Moeykens, and et al. 2019. "A Social-Ecological System Framework for Marine Aquaculture Research" Sustainability 11, no. 9: 2522. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092522