Assessment of Resilience of Pistachio Agroecosystems in Rafsanjan Plain in Iran
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. The Concept of Resilience
1.2. Conceptualizing Resilience of Pistachio Agroecosystems in Rafsanjan Plain
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area: Rafsanjan Plain
2.2. Study Methods
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Farm Characteristics
3.2. Ecological Self-Regulation
3.3. Social Self-Regulation
3.4. Building Human Capital
3.5. Diversity
3.6. Economic Dimension
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Indicators | Sub-Indicators (Variables) | Variables Scale | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Ecologically Self-regulated | Use of organic fertilizers | Amount of usage(kg/ha) | [23,26,27,28,29,30] |
Use of chemical fertilizers | Amount of usage(kg/ha) | ||
Use of pesticides | Amount of usage(kg/ha) | ||
Soil fertility index | “Low,” “Medium,” “Optimum,” and “Excessive” soil test categories | ||
Water-use efficiency | If no change = 0, if, 20% = 1, if 20–40 = 2, if .40% = 3 | ||
Socially Self-regulated | Membership in Grass roots organizations | If Not involved = 0, if involved = l | [3,4,23,27,31] |
Degree of exchange of information | If at least once a week = 3, if at least once a month = 2, at least once three months = 1, and lack of contact = 0 | ||
Degree of Job satisfaction | If unsatisfied = 0, satisfy = l (5 items) if not involved = 0, if involved = l (5 items) | ||
Level of access to trust in government | if no trust = 0, if low trust = 1, if average trust = 2, if high trust = 3, and if very high trust = 4 | ||
Level of access to advisor services (Extension) | If no access = 0, if very low access= 1, if low access = 2, if medium access = 3, if high access = 4, and if high access = 5 | ||
Builds human capital | On-the-job training | Number of courses and workshops, | [23,32] |
Experience (capacity to work) | Year, | ||
Innate abilities | Three-point scale (for five items regarding their abilities in learning) | ||
Diversity | Diversity of cultivated cultivars | Number of cultivated cultivars | [7,26,33,34] |
Diversity of on-farm practices | If done = 1, undone = 0 (regarding the doing of 10 practices in farmland) | ||
Diversity of Marketing | Number of markets | ||
Water from multiple sources | Number of water resources | ||
Economic | Insurance | If No = 0, if Yes = l | [35] |
Local investment | If Not use loan = 0, if use loan = l, | ||
Production stability | Likert scale: If Likert rating scale: If very high = 4, high = 3, intermediate = 2 and low = 1 | ||
Productivity | The ratio of results of the quantity of products output to input |
Population Profile | Characteristics of the Population Profile | Number of Informants | Percentage of Informants |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 150 | 100 |
Female | 0 | 0 | |
Education | Primary school | 10 | 6.6 |
High school | 20 | 13.3 | |
Illiterate | 120 | 80 | |
Employment | Farmer | 100 | 66.6 |
Retired | 50 | 33.3 | |
Age range | 30–39 | 25 | 16.6 |
40–49 | 35 | 23.3 | |
50–59 | 90 | 60 | |
Years of farming experience | 0–19 | 15 | 10 |
20–29 | 50 | 33.3 | |
30–39 | 95 | 63.3 | |
Family size | 1–2 | 40 | 26.6 |
3–4 | 95 | 63.3 | |
over 5 | 15 | 10 |
Indicators | Sub-Indicators | Mean | Mean | Sd | F Value | Sig | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anar | Rafsanjan | Noug | Kashkoye | Kabootarkhan | ||||||
Ecologically Self-regulated | Use of organic fertilizers | 49.1 | 51.6 | 50.8 | 48.3 | 44.1 | 48.7 | 12.3 | 0.7 | 0.5 |
Use of chemical fertilizers | 57.5 | 59.1 | 67.5 | 61.6 | 61.4 | 61.4 | 21.6 | 1.6 | 0.1 | |
Use of pesticides | 36.6 | 32.5 | 30.8 | 34.1 | 30.0 | 32.8 | 9.19 | 1.1 | 0.3 | |
Soil Fertility Index | 45.8 | 50.0 | 45.0 | 51.0 | 49.1 | 48.1 | 14.2 | 0.9 | 0.4 | |
Water-use efficiency | 46.2 | 55.0 | 42.3 | 31.6 | 59.13 | 46.8 | 16.1 | 1.82 | 0.04 * |
Indicators | Sub-Indicators | Mean | Mean | Sd | F Value | Sig | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anar | Rafsanjan | Noug | Kashkoye | Kabootarkhan | ||||||
Socially Self-regulated | Membership in Grass roots organizations | 38.3 | 43.3 | 39.1 | 37.5 | 48.3 | 39.5 | 7.5 | 1.1 | 0.3 |
Exchange of information | 59.1 | 61.6 | 70.0 | 66.6 | 65.0 | 64.3 | 14.2 | 2.5 | 0.04 * | |
Job satisfaction | 52.5 | 49.1 | 55.0 | 58.0 | 54.0 | 53.6 | 16.32 | 0.70 | 0.5 | |
Trust in government | 43.3 | 45.8 | 46.0 | 41.6 | 45.8 | 44.1 | 11.45 | 0.9 | 0.4 | |
Advisor services (Extension) | 55.6 | 57.6 | 58.1 | 56.3 | 54.0 | 56.9 | 19.7 | 0.05 | 0.9 |
Indicators | Sub-Indicators | Mean | Mean | Sd | F Value | Sig | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anar | Rafsanjan | Noug | Kashkoye | Kabootarkhan | ||||||
Builds human capital | On-the-job training | 53.3 | 50.0 | 53.3 | 50.0 | 56.6 | 52.6 | 15.3 | 0.09 | 0.9 |
Experience (capacity to work) | 66.6 | 75.0 | 73.3 | 78.0 | 74.0 | 73.3 | 19.2 | 0.20 | 0.8 | |
Innate abilities | 26.6 | 25.8 | 26.9 | 23.3 | 26.0 | 25.7 | 5.1 | 0.10 | 0.9 |
Indicators | Sub-Indicators | Mean | Mean | Sd | F Value | Sig | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anar | Rafsanjan | Noug | Kashkoye | Kabootarkhan | ||||||
Diversity | Diversity of cultivated cultivars | 61.1 | 66.6 | 85.7 | 45.4 | 75.0 | 66.86 | 12.6 | 1.7 | 0.1 |
Diversity of on-farm practices | 71.6 | 83.3 | 80.8 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 78.46 | 9.4 | 2.4 | 0.05 | |
Diversity of Marketing | 63.3 | 62.5 | 65.8 | 11.8 | 18.8 | 67.82 | 15.3 | 1.1 | 0.3 | |
Water from multiple sources | 31.3 | 34.6 | 44.8 | 42.5 | 42.3 | 39.1 | 12.50 | 1.75 | 0.04 * |
Indicators | Sub-Indicators | Mean | Mean | Sd | F Value | Sig | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anar | Rafsanjan | Noug | Kashkoye | Kabootarkhan | ||||||
Economic | Insurance | 20 | 13.3 | 22.0 | 23.0 | 22.3 | 19.72 | 4.72 | 1.20 | 0.12 |
Local investment | 73.3 | 70.0 | 76.0 | 74.0 | 71.0 | 72.86 | 23.12 | 0.10 | 0.9 | |
Production stability | 10.0 | 16.6 | 20.0 | 18.0 | 19.0 | 16.72 | 7.21 | 1.40 | 0.09 | |
Productivity | 63.3 | 64.0 | 65.0 | 68.0 | 66.0 | 65.26 | 17.8 | 0.03 | 0.9 |
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Darijani, F.; Veisi, H.; Liaghati, H.; Nazari, M.R.; Khoshbakht, K. Assessment of Resilience of Pistachio Agroecosystems in Rafsanjan Plain in Iran. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061656
Darijani F, Veisi H, Liaghati H, Nazari MR, Khoshbakht K. Assessment of Resilience of Pistachio Agroecosystems in Rafsanjan Plain in Iran. Sustainability. 2019; 11(6):1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061656
Chicago/Turabian StyleDarijani, Fatemeh, Hadi Veisi, Houman Liaghati, Mohammad Reza Nazari, and Kours Khoshbakht. 2019. "Assessment of Resilience of Pistachio Agroecosystems in Rafsanjan Plain in Iran" Sustainability 11, no. 6: 1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061656
APA StyleDarijani, F., Veisi, H., Liaghati, H., Nazari, M. R., & Khoshbakht, K. (2019). Assessment of Resilience of Pistachio Agroecosystems in Rafsanjan Plain in Iran. Sustainability, 11(6), 1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061656