Does Air Pollution Affect Health and Medical Insurance Cost in the Elderly: An Empirical Evidence from China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Analysis and Research Hypotheses
3. Variables and Data
3.1. Measurement of Air Pollution and Health
3.2. Selection of Control Variables
3.3. Analysis of Descriptive Statistics
4. Empirical Results and Analysis
4.1. Air Pollution and Self-Rated Health
4.2. Self-Rated Health and Medical Insurance Costs
4.3. Mechanism of Air Pollutants Affecting Medical Insurance Cost
4.4. Further Study
5. Robustness Test
5.1. Adding Outpatient Frequency and Hospitalization Times
5.2. Difference between Northern and Southern China
6. Conclusions
7. Discussion
- (1)
- Further study on air quality difference between the north and south of China, and the difference in health, medical expenses and life expectancy caused by air pollution.
- (2)
- The concentrations of SO2, NO2 and PM10 are representative of air pollutants, but they are not comprehensive. For example, PM2.5, is small in particle size, rich in toxic substances, and has long residence time in the atmosphere and long transport distance. Therefore, the impact on human health and atmospheric environmental quality is greater, but PM2.5 monitoring indicators The data was only available in January 2013.
- (3)
- The data span is relatively short, the current CHARLS website only updated to 2015 data.
- (1)
- The coal-burning heating policy in the south and north of China is implemented with the Qinling-Huaihe River as the boundary, so we can consider the Regression Discontinuity with the latitude of the Qinling-Huaihe River as the breakpoint. The difference of air quality between the north and the south and its series influence are obtained.
- (2)
- Various important air pollutant concentrations can be incorporated into the calculation to construct a new “air quality composite index”, similar to the air quality index “Air Quality Index” (AQI), which China began to monitor and publish in real time in May 2012.
- (3)
- To better measure the void, the national baseline survey data for 2017 will be updated in 2019, and the data will be updated to further verify the results of the article.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Variable | OLS Regression |
---|---|
Health | −110.5711 *** (−2.7600) |
Ln GDP | −8.9002 (−0.3000) |
Disease | 199.5100 *** (13.7300) |
Education | 3.7920 (1.0300) |
Gender | −44.1925 (−1.1400) |
Age | −1.3731 (−0.7400) |
C | 1016.7050 |
Source | Chi2 | df | p |
---|---|---|---|
Heteroscedasticity | 70.84 | 26 | 0.0000 |
Skewness | 628.71 | 6 | 0.0000 |
Kurtosis | 579.75 | 1 | 0.0000 |
Total | 1279.31 | 33 | 0.0000 |
Source | Chi2 | df | p |
---|---|---|---|
Heteroscedasticity | 132.29 | 52 | 0.0000 |
Skewness | 631.30 | 9 | 0.0000 |
Kurtosis | 570.24 | 1 | 0.0000 |
Total | 1333.84 | 62 | 0.0000 |
Source | Chi2 | df | p |
---|---|---|---|
Heteroscedasticity | 114.01 | 49 | 0.0000 |
Skewness | 624.85 | 9 | 0.0000 |
Kurtosis | 570.50 | 1 | 0.0000 |
Total | 1309.36 | 59 | 0.0000 |
Source | Chi2 | df | p |
---|---|---|---|
Heteroscedasticity | 142.43 | 73 | 0.0000 |
Skewness | 633.56 | 12 | 0.0000 |
Kurtosis | 570.34 | 1 | 0.0000 |
Total | 1346.32 | 86 | 0.0000 |
Appendix C
Appendix C.1. Multicollinearity Test for Logistic Regression
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
2 | 2.82 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.08 |
3 | 16.37 | 0.93 | 1.00 | 0.91 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
2 | 1.42 | 0.99 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
3 | 7.86 | 0.01 | 0.98 | 0.98 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.18 |
2 | 1.28 | 0.04 | 0.90 | 0.00 |
3 | 2.14 | 0.79 | 0.08 | 0.82 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
2 | 1.72 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
3 | 5.84 | 0.53 | 0.64 | 0.00 |
4 | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.35 | 0.99 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | NO2 | NO22 | SO2 | SO22 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
2 | 1.20 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
3 | 1.33 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
4 | 1.94 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
5 | 2.70 | 0.63 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
6 | 3.80 | 0.15 | 0.91 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
7 | 9.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | NO2 | NO22 | SO2 | SO22 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
2 | 1.18 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
3 | 1.32 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
4 | 1.92 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.38 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
5 | 2.68 | 0.59 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.82 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
6 | 3.77 | 0.14 | 0.91 | 0.69 | 0.47 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
7 | 8.88 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | Age | Education | Disease | lngdp | Gender | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.06 |
2 | 1.14 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.06 |
3 | 1.36 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.00 |
4 | 1.38 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.29 | 0.47 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
5 | 1.47 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.63 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
6 | 1.57 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.04 | 0.40 | 0.01 |
7 | 2.63 | 0.22 | 0.36 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.53 |
8 | 3.07 | 0.65 | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.34 |
Index | _cons | SO2 | SO22 | Age | Education | Disease | lngdp | Gender | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
2 | 1.07 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 |
3 | 1.33 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.47 | 0.00 |
4 | 1.36 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.55 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
5 | 1.42 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.87 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
6 | 1.57 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.47 | 0.00 |
7 | 2.79 | 0.83 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.87 |
8 | 7.79 | 0.03 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Index | _cons | NO2 | NO22 | Age | Education | Disease | Lngdp | Gender | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
2 | 1.21 | 0.00 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.23 | 0.00 |
3 | 1.44 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.52 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
4 | 1.48 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.78 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
5 | 1.58 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
6 | 1.92 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.35 | 0.13 |
7 | 2.20 | 0.00 | 0.47 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.38 | 0.17 |
8 | 3.20 | 0.92 | 0.02 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.63 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | SO2 | SO22 | NO2 | NO22 | Age | Education | Disease | Lngdp | Gender | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
2 | 1.17 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
3 | 1.24 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
4 | 1.57 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.01 |
5 | 1.61 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.45 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
6 | 1.72 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.61 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
7 | 1.77 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.02 |
8 | 1.35 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.45 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.12 |
9 | 2.43 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 0.17 |
10 | 3.47 | 0.53 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.24 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.50 |
11 | 4.05 | 0.35 | 0.77 | 0.58 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.11 |
12 | 9.33 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Index | _cons | Age | Education | Disease | lngdp | Gender | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.13 |
2 | 1.25 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.43 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.00 |
3 | 1.28 | 0.00 | 0.61 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.00 |
4 | 1.33 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.82 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
5 | 1.46 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.41 | 0.03 | 0.42 | 0.00 |
6 | 2.64 | 0.86 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.87 |
Index | _cons | Age | Education | Disease | lngdp | Gender | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 |
2 | 1.20 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.38 | 0.00 |
3 | 1.31 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
4 | 1.35 | 0.00 | 0.52 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
5 | 1.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.61 | 0.00 |
6 | 2.73 | 0.87 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.88 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | SO2 | SO22 | NO2 | NO22 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
2 | 1.12 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
3 | 1.27 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.07 |
4 | 1.83 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 0.02 |
5 | 2.53 | 0.62 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.85 |
6 | 2.75 | 0.12 | 0.83 | 0.59 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.00 |
7 | 11.91 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | SO2 | SO22 | NO2 | NO22 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
2 | 1.09 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
3 | 1.21 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
4 | 1.65 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.23 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 0.03 |
5 | 2.52 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.76 |
6 | 3.12 | 0.05 | 0.71 | 0.65 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.36 | 0.04 |
7 | 169.10 | 0.79 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
2 | 2.96 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.09 |
3 | 17.77 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.91 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
2 | 1.42 | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
3 | 7.88 | 0.01 | 0.98 | 0.98 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
2 | 3.75 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.04 |
3 | 28.63 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.96 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
2 | 1.74 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
3 | 6.35 | 0.88 | 0.41 | 0.04 |
4 | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.35 | 0.99 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | NO2 | NO22 | SO2 | SO22 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
2 | 1.32 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
3 | 1.54 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
4 | 2.38 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
5 | 3.22 | 0.45 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.03 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
6 | 3.89 | 0.07 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.71 | 0.57 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
7 | 9.75 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.98 | 0.98 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | Age | Education | Disease | lngdp | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
2 | 1.14 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
3 | 1.33 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.32 |
4 | 1.36 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
5 | 1.45 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.86 | 0.02 |
6 | 1.57 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.27 |
7 | 2.66 | 0.25 | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.16 |
8 | 3.80 | 0.68 | 0.40 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.12 |
Index | _cons | SO2 | SO22 | Age | Education | Disease | lngdp | Gender | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
2 | 1.07 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 |
3 | 1.32 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.37 | 0.00 |
4 | 1.36 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.00 |
5 | 1.42 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.93 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
6 | 1.60 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 0.00 |
7 | 2.82 | 0.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
8 | 7.76 | 0.05 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Index | _cons | NO2 | NO22 | Age | Education | Disease | lngdp | Gender | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.06 |
2 | 1.19 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.02 |
3 | 1.42 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
4 | 1.47 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.78 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
5 | 1.60 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.39 | 0.44 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
6 | 1.82 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.45 | 0.09 |
7 | 2.43 | 0.00 | 0.54 | 0.38 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.31 | 0.26 |
8 | 3.25 | 0.90 | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.57 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | SO2 | NO2 | Age | Education | Disease | Lngdp | Gender | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.00 |
2 | 1.08 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.13 |
3 | 1.36 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.46 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
4 | 1.38 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.32 | 0.12 | 0.00 |
5 | 1.47 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.63 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
6 | 1.55 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.47 | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
7 | 1.75 | 0.01 | 0.25 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.57 | 0.00 |
8 | 2.45 | 0.00 | 0.61 | 0.01 | 0.87 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.00 |
9 | 2.85 | 0.85 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.87 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | SO2 | SO22 | NO2 | NO22 | Age | Education | Disease | Lngdp | Gender | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
2 | 1.27 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.06 |
3 | 1.39 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
4 | 1.66 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.02 |
5 | 1.71 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.33 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
6 | 1.83 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.86 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
7 | 1.93 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.43 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.02 |
8 | 2.85 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.30 |
9 | 2.99 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.67 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.05 |
10 | 3.90 | 0.68 | 0.31 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.45 |
11 | 4.17 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.66 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.58 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.07 |
12 | 10.07 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
2 | 3.03 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.09 |
3 | 19.68 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.93 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
2 | 1.42 | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
3 | 7.88 | 0.01 | 0.98 | 0.98 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
2 | 3.75 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.04 |
3 | 28.63 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.96 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
2 | 1.74 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
3 | 6.35 | 0.88 | 0.41 | 0.04 |
4 | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.35 | 0.99 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | NO2 | NO22 | SO2 | SO22 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
2 | 1.32 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
3 | 1.54 | 0.19 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
4 | 2.38 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
5 | 3.22 | 0.45 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.03 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
6 | 3.89 | 0.07 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.71 | 0.57 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
7 | 9.75 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.98 | 0.98 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | Age | Education | Disease | Lngdp | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
2 | 1.14 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
3 | 1.33 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.32 |
4 | 1.36 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
5 | 1.45 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.86 | 0.02 |
6 | 1.57 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.27 |
7 | 2.66 | 0.25 | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.16 |
8 | 3.80 | 0.68 | 0.40 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.12 |
Index | _cons | SO2 | SO22 | Age | Education | Disease | Lngdp | Gender | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
2 | 1.07 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 |
3 | 1.32 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.37 | 0.00 |
4 | 1.36 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.00 |
5 | 1.42 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.93 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
6 | 1.60 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 0.00 |
7 | 2.82 | 0.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
8 | 7.76 | 0.05 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Index | _cons | NO2 | NO22 | Age | Education | Disease | Lngdp | Gender | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.06 |
2 | 1.19 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.02 |
3 | 1.42 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
4 | 1.47 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.78 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
5 | 1.60 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.39 | 0.44 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
6 | 1.82 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.45 | 0.09 |
7 | 2.43 | 0.00 | 0.54 | 0.38 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.31 | 0.26 |
8 | 3.25 | 0.90 | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.57 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | SO2 | NO2 | Age | educAtion | Disease | Lngdp | Gender | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
2 | 1.21 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.13 |
3 | 1.47 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.36 | 0.13 | 0.00 |
4 | 1.59 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.62 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
5 | 1.64 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.48 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
6 | 1.86 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.34 | 0.41 | 0.00 |
7 | 2.66 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.92 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.36 | 0.00 |
8 | 3.16 | 0.85 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.87 |
9 | 3.37 | 0.00 | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
Index | _cons | PM10 | PM102 | SO2 | SO22 | NO2 | NO22 | Age | Education | Disease | Lngdp | Gender | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
2 | 1.23 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
3 | 1.65 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.02 |
4 | 1.88 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
5 | 1.91 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
6 | 1.98 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.74 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
7 | 2.55 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.47 | 0.14 |
8 | 2.65 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.42 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.11 |
9 | 3.78 | 0.27 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.46 |
10 | 4.01 | 0.15 | 0.37 | 0.00 | 0.38 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.14 |
11 | 5.23 | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.59 | 0.24 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
12 | 7.13 | 0.23 | 0.44 | 0.90 | 0.01 | 0.36 | 0.45 | 0.23 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
Appendix C.2. Multicollinearity Test for OLS Regression
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
Education | 1.08 | 0.928736 |
Health | 1.06 | 0.939754 |
Lngdp | 1.05 | 0.951208 |
Gender | 1.05 | 0.952480 |
Disease | 1.04 | 0.962520 |
age | 1.02 | 0.979863 |
Mean VIF | 1.05 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
NO2 | 1.76 | 0.568128 |
PM10 | 1.53 | 0.654072 |
Lngdp | 1.30 | 0.771432 |
Education | 1.08 | 0.927595 |
Health | 1.07 | 0.931172 |
Disease | 1.06 | 0.942868 |
Gender | 1.05 | 0.952106 |
Age | 1.02 | 0.978021 |
SO2 | 1.01 | 0.991937 |
Mean VIF | 1.21 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
NO2 * health | 7.81 | 0.127996 |
health | 4.83 | 0.207184 |
PM10 * health | 4.39 | 0.227780 |
Lngdp | 1.19 | 0.839801 |
Education | 1.07 | 0.931340 |
Disease | 1.06 | 0.944869 |
Gender | 1.05 | 0.954871 |
Age | 1.02 | 0.980083 |
SO2&health | 1.01 | 0.989930 |
Mean VIF | 2.60 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
NO2 * health | 7.81 | 0.127996 |
health | 4.83 | 0.207184 |
PM10 * health | 4.39 | 0.227780 |
Lngdp | 1.19 | 0.839801 |
Education | 1.07 | 0.931340 |
Disease | 1.06 | 0.944869 |
Gender | 1.05 | 0.954871 |
Age | 1.02 | 0.980083 |
SO2&health | 1.01 | 0.989930 |
Mean VIF | 2.60 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
PM10 | 1.86 | 0.537684 |
PM102 | 1.86 | 0.537684 |
Mean VIF | 1.86 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
SO2 | 15.43 | 0.064801 |
SO22 | 15.43 | 0.064801 |
Mean VIF | 15.43 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
NO2 | 1.04 | 0.960136 |
NO22 | 1.04 | 0.960136 |
Mean VIF | 1.04 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
NO2 | 1.63 | 0.615186 |
PM10 | 1.60 | 0.626726 |
SO2 | 1.03 | 0.970426 |
Mean VIF | 1.42 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
NO22 | 1.17 | 0.856324 |
NO2 | 1.83 | 0.545422 |
SO2 | 16.05 | 0.062292 |
SO22 | 15.70 | 0.063707 |
PM10 | 3.17 | 0.315347 |
PM102 | 2.15 | 0.466159 |
Mean VIF | 1.42 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
PM10 | 2.18 | 0.459763 |
PM102 | 1.99 | 0.502957 |
Lngdp | 1.19 | 0.837080 |
Education | 1.07 | 0.930635 |
Gender | 1.05 | 0.951440 |
Age | 1.02 | 0.979703 |
disease | 1.01 | 0.988049 |
Mean VIF | 1.36 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
SO2 | 15.47 | 0.064639 |
SO22 | 15.45 | 0.064723 |
Education | 1.07 | 0.930403 |
Gender | 1.05 | 0.950717 |
Lngsp | 1.03 | 0.969817 |
Age | 1.02 | 0.979583 |
disease | 1.00 | 0.996117 |
Mean VIF | 5.16 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
NO2 | 27.57 | 0.036275 |
NO22 | 26.99 | 0.037055 |
Lngdp | 1.30 | 0.769348 |
Education | 1.08 | 0.927188 |
Gender | 1.05 | 0.950564 |
Age | 1.02 | 0.978403 |
disease | 1.01 | 0.986874 |
Mean VIF | 8.57 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
NO2 | 1.33 | 0.752278 |
Lngdp | 1.30 | 0.769348 |
Education | 1.08 | 0.927188 |
NO22 | 1.05 | 0.947888 |
Gender | 1.05 | 0.950564 |
Age | 1.02 | 0.978403 |
disease | 1.01 | 0.986874 |
Mean VIF | 1.12 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
NO2 | 1.88 | 0.532724 |
PM10 | 1.60 | 0.624213 |
Lngdp | 1.29 | 0.772899 |
Education | 1.07 | 0.930323 |
Gender | 1.05 | 0.951390 |
SO2 | 1.03 | 0.967910 |
age | 1.02 | 0.978653 |
disease | 1.01 | 0.987308 |
Mean VIF | 1.25 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
PM10 | 1.86 | 0.537684 |
PM102 | 1.86 | 0.537684 |
Mean VIF | 1.86 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
SO2 | 15.43 | 0.064801 |
SO22 | 15.43 | 0.064801 |
Mean VIF | 15.43 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
NO2 | 1.04 | 0.960136 |
NO22 | 1.04 | 0.960136 |
Mean VIF | 1.04 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
NO2 | 1.63 | 0.615186 |
PM10 | 1.60 | 0.626726 |
SO2 | 1.03 | 0.970426 |
Mean VIF | 1.42 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
SO2 | 16.05 | 0.062292 |
SO22 | 15.70 | 0.063707 |
PM10 | 3.17 | 0.315347 |
PM102 | 2.15 | 0.466159 |
NO2 | 1.83 | 0.545422 |
NO22 | 1.17 | 0.856324 |
Mean VIF | 6.68 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
PM10 | 2.18 | 0.459763 |
PM102 | 1.99 | 0.502957 |
Lngdp | 1.19 | 0.837080 |
Education | 1.07 | 0.930635 |
Gender | 1.05 | 0.951440 |
Age | 1.02 | 0.979703 |
disease | 1.01 | 0.988049 |
Mean VIF | 1.36 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
SO2 | 15.47 | 0.064639 |
SO22 | 15.45 | 0.064723 |
Education | 1.07 | 0.930403 |
Gender | 1.05 | 0.950717 |
Lngsp | 1.03 | 0.969817 |
Age | 1.02 | 0.979583 |
disease | 1.00 | 0.996117 |
Mean VIF | 5.16 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
NO2 | 1.33 | 0.752270 |
Lngdp | 1.30 | 0.769348 |
Education | 1.08 | 0.927188 |
NO2 | 1.05 | 0.947888 |
Gender | 1.05 | 0.950564 |
Age | 1.02 | 0.978403 |
disease | 1.01 | 0.986874 |
Mean VIF | 1.12 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
NO2 | 1.88 | 0.532724 |
PM10 | 1.60 | 0.624213 |
Lngdp | 1.29 | 0.772899 |
Education | 1.07 | 0.930323 |
Gender | 1.05 | 0.951390 |
SO2 | 1.03 | 0.967910 |
age | 1.02 | 0.978635 |
disease | 1.01 | 0.987308 |
Mean VIF | 1.25 |
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
SO2 | 16.07 | 0.062228 |
SO22 | 15.71 | 0.063668 |
PM10 | 3.22 | 0.310308 |
PM102 | 2.19 | 0.455695 |
NO2 | 2.04 | 0.491125 |
Lngdp | 1.32 | 0.755907 |
NO2 | 1.18 | 0.849807 |
education | 1.08 | 0.926813 |
Gender | 1.05 | 0.951080 |
Age | 1.02 | 0.978368 |
disease | 1.02 | 0.981867 |
Mean VIF | 4.17 |
Appendix D. Residential Analysis
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Variable Symbol | Variable Name | Definition |
---|---|---|
Health | Self-rated health | Excellent, Better, Good set to 1, Fair, Bad set to 0 |
Outpatient | Outpatient frequency | Outpatient times in the past four weeks |
Inpatient | Hospitalization times | Inpatient times in the last year |
PM10 | Concentration of PM10 | Unit mg/m3 |
SO2 | Concentration of SO2 | Unit mg/m3 |
NO2 | Concentration of NO2 | Unit mg/m3 |
Age | Age | - |
Gender | Gender | Female is 1, male is 0 |
Education | Educated Years | - |
Disease | The number of chronic diseases | - |
Ln(GDP) | Per capita GDP | The logarithm of GDP per capita in previous year of the city |
Medical | Medical insurance costs | Medical insurance cost last year |
Variable | Unit | Observations | Mean | Standard Deviation | Maximum | Minimum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM10 | mg/m3 | 15,892 | 0.0916 | 0.0374 | 0.2450 | 0.0240 |
SO2 | mg/m3 | 15,892 | 0.0313 | 0.3549 | 0.0950 | 0.0080 |
NO2 | mg/m3 | 15,892 | 0.0359 | 0.0123 | 0.0700 | 0.0120 |
Health | Dummy Variable | 15,892 | 0.6425 | 0.4792 | 1 | 0 |
Outpatient | Frequency | 15,892 | 0.5288 | 1.6306 | 36 | 0 |
Inpatient | Frequency | 15,892 | 0.2312 | 0.6943 | 18 | 0 |
Age | Year | 15,892 | 61.2500 | 10.2175 | 105 | 50 |
Education | Year | 15,892 | 5.0200 | 5.2700 | 42 | 0 |
Diseases | Number | 15,892 | 1.0097 | 1.3205 | 10 | 0 |
Ln (GDP) | U.S. Dollars | 15,892 | 8.8205 | 0.6334 | 10.1686 | 6.7498 |
Gender | Dummy variable | 15,892 | 0.5300 | 0.4910 | 1 | 0 |
Medical | CNY | 15,892 | 983.1716 | 2486.746 | 0 | 19,000 |
Variable | Regression (1) | Regression (2) | Regression (3) | Regression (4) | Regression (5) | Regression (6) | Regression (7) | Regression (8) | Regression (9) | Regression (10) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM10 | 11.6392*** (9.3200) | 4.2043*** (8.0000) | 0.2644*** (9.3400) | 0.1050*** (4.3100) | 0.1370*** (6.1300) | 0.1990*** (6.7300) | ||||
PM102 | −25.3428*** (−5.6900) | —— | −0.0462*** (−5.6900) | −0.0170** (−2.0900) | −0.0350*** (−4.1100) | |||||
SO2 | —— | 0.0618** (2.4400) | 0.0242*** (3.3500) | 0.0187 (0.7300) | 0.1088 (1.2900) | 0.0854*** (3.4600) | 0.0729 (0.8500) | |||
SO22 | —— | −0.0006 (−1.2100) | —— | −7.38 × 10−6 (−0.0100) | −0.0022 (−0.3900) | −0.0006 (−0.1000) | ||||
NO2 | —— | —— | 0.1474*** (8.9400) | 3.5046** (2.0500) | 0.0096 (0.4400) | −0.0554*** (−2.9800) | −0.1327*** (-5.8100) | −0.1546*** (−6.5700) | ||
NO22 | —— | —— | 0.0708*** (5.1700) | —— | 0.0579*** (4.0100) | 0.0761*** (5.4700) | 0.0628*** (4.2900) | |||
Age | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | −0.0252 (−1.5200) | −0.0280* (−1.6900) | −0.0304* (−1.8400) | −0.0288* (−1.7300) | −0.0293* (−1.7600) |
Education | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | 0.1512*** (8.4300) | 0.1514*** (8.4900) | 0.1574*** (8.7900) | 0.1542*** (8.5800) | 0.1584*** (8.7800) |
Disease | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | −0.3439*** (−20.96) | −0.3417*** (−20.9800) | −0.3418*** (−20.8700) | −0.3442*** (−20.9500) | −0.3452*** (−20.9200) |
Ln (GDP) | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | 0.3167*** (17.5700) | 0.3457*** (20.7300) | 0.3716*** (19.7800) | 0.3623*** (19.3000) | 0.3554*** (18.7200) |
Gender | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | −0.0509 (−1.5000) | −0.0458 (−1.3600) | −0.0437 (−1.2900) | −0.0518 (−1.5300) | −0.0500 (−1.4700) |
C | −0.2688 | 0.5396 | 0.4831 | 0.0302 | 0.5447 | 0.6256 | 0.6058 | 0.5263 | 0.6117 | 0.5836 |
Variable | OLS Regression |
---|---|
Health | −102.2384 ** (−2.4800) |
Ln GDP | −18.3292 (−0.6000) |
Disease | 168.6429 *** (13.3800) |
Education | 3.8546 (1.0100) |
Gender | −32.0054 (−0.8000) |
Age | −0.3503 (−0.1800) |
C | 1061.1400 |
Variable | Medical Insurance Costs | ||
---|---|---|---|
No Interaction Variables | No separate Air Pollutant Variables | Adding Individual Air Pollutant Variables | |
PM10 | −2061.9410 *** (−3.7400) | —— | −2461.5130 * (−2.5900) |
PM10 * health | —— | −1753.2700 *** (−2.6000) | 731.5704 (0.6200) |
SO2 | −20.9259 (−1.1000) | —— | −28.6356 (−0.5700) |
SO2 * health | —— | −20.6674 (−0.9900) | 4.1824 (0.1500) |
NO2 | −3523.4990 (−1.6000) | —— | −3195.8220 (−0.9200) |
NO2 * health | —— | −3103.6500 (−1.1900) | −715.3406 (−0.1700) |
Health | −91.3408 ** (−2.1700) | 184.8721 ** (2.0600) | −140.0211 (−1.0600) |
Age | −0.2830 (−0.1390) | −0.2602 (−0.1300) | −0.5559 (−0.2800) |
Gender | −28.6215 (−0.7100) | −32.2771 (−0.8000) | −30.2722 (−0.7400) |
Education | 4.7503 (1.2400) | 3.6234 (0.9700) | 5.9962 (1.5600) |
Diseases | 150.4636 *** (12.2100) | 157.0992 *** (12.5800) | 150.8624 *** (12.1400) |
Ln (GDP) | 37.2540 (1.0600) | 10.2010 (0.3000) | 38.1661 (1.0900) |
C | 910.8777 | 828.2811 | 942.2200 |
Variable | Self-Rated Health | |
---|---|---|
Hypertension | Heart Disease | |
Age | −0.1299 *** (−2.7300) | −0.0206 (−0.2900) |
Education | 0.1677 *** (3.3400) | 0.0703 (0.9400) |
Diseases | −0.1494 *** (−3.1900) | −0.2565 *** (−3.5700) |
Lngdp | 0.3879 *** (8.0200) | 0.3373 *** (4.5900) |
Gender | −0.0119 (−0.1200) | 0.3395 ** (2.3400) |
Adj.R2 | 0.2095 | 0.0208 |
Variable | Hypertension | Heart Disease |
---|---|---|
PM10 | 0.4164 *** (5.7600) | 0.3616 *** (3.0000) |
PM102 | −0.0368 (−1.3600) | −0.0607 (−1.4400) |
SO2 | 77.5688 * (1.7400) | 10.2429 (0.6200) |
SO22 | 1491.7310 ** (2.4600) | 412.9760 (1.6300) |
NO2 | −0.0059 (−0.1100) | −0.0281 (0.3200) |
NO22 | 0.0018 (0.0400) | 0.0097 (0.1500) |
Adj.R2 | 0.9210 | 0.0115 |
Pollutants | Concentration Range | Hypertension | Heart Disease |
---|---|---|---|
PM10 | 0.0240–0.2450 | 0.2670 | 0.1950 |
SO2 | 0.0080–0.0950 | 0.0577 | 0.0571 |
NO2 | 0.0120–0.0700 | −0.0213 | 0.0211 |
Variable | Regression (1) | Regression (2) | Regression (3) | Regression (4) | Regression (5) | Regression (6) | Regression (7) | Regression (8) | Regression (9) | Regression (10) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM10 | 0.0153** (2.2500) | —— | —— | 0.1594 (1.0500) | 0.0127 (1.4300) | 0.0198*** (2.7100) | —— | —— | 0.2597* (1.7200) | 0.0455*** (7.1000) |
PM102 | −0.0029 (−1.2200) | —— | —— | —— | −0.0026 (−1.0400) | −0.0019 (−0.8000) | —— | —— | —— | −0.0081*** (−4.4300) |
SO2 | —— | −0.0020 (−0.1000) | —— | 0.0039*** (2.5900) | −0.0076 (−0.3800) | —— | 0.0052 (0.2700) | —— | 0.0042*** (2.8500) | 0.0127 (0.8900) |
SO22 | —— | 0.0011 (0.8600) | —— | —— | 0.0014 (1.0500) | —— | 0.0008 (0.0601) | —— | —— | −0.0002 (−0.2500) |
NO2 | —— | —— | 0.0089* (1.7700) | 0.2202 (0.42) | 0.0007 (0.1000) | —— | —— | 0.0150*** (2.6300) | 0.5577 (0.9900) | −0.0360*** (−7.0600) |
NO22 | —— | —— | 0.0038 (0.9500) | —— | 0.0021 (0.4900) | —— | —— | 0.0056 (1.3800) | —— | 0.0131*** (4.2700) |
Age | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | 0.0240*** (4.7800) | 0.0239*** (4.8000) | 0.0243*** (4.8800) | 0.0024*** (4.8200) | −0.0066* (−1.8300) |
Education | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | −0.0198*** (−3.8400) | −0.0188*** (−3.6700) | −0.0189*** (−3.6900) | −0.0037*** (−3.7800) | 0.0326*** (8.7800) |
Disease | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | 0.0542*** (10.8700) | 0.0535*** (10.8300) | 0.0545*** (10.9900) | 0.0419*** (11.0500) | −0.0785*** (−21.8300) |
Ln(GDP) | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | −0.0027 (−0.4900) | 0.0029 (0.5800) | −0.0035 (−0.6200) | −0.0061 (−0.7000) | 0.0803*** (19.6000) |
Gender | −0.0047 (−0.4600) | −0.0042 (−0.4100) | −0.0041 (−0.4000) | −0.0045 (−0.4400) | −0.0115 (−1.5700) | |||||
C | 0.1886 | 0.1836 | 0.1810 | 0.1616 | 0.1849 | 0.1899 | 0.1859 | 0.1811 | 0.0278 | 0.6358 |
Variable | Regression (1) | Regression (2) | Regression (3) | Regression (4) | Regression (5) | Regression (6) | Regression (7) | Regression (8) | Regression (9) | Regression (10) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM10 | −0.0157 (−1.1700) | —— | —— | −1.0662*** (−3.5700) | −0.0994*** (−5.6800) | 0.0154 (1.0600) | —— | —— | −1.0631*** (−3.5700) | −0.0812*** (−4.6100) |
PM102 | 0.0095** (2.0507) | —— | —— | —— | 0.0210*** (4.2300) | 0.0015 (0.3100) | —— | —— | —— | 0.0143*** (2.8500) |
SO2 | —— | 0.0713* (1.8600) | —— | 0.0071** (2.4300) | 0.0474 (1.2100) | —— | 0.0758** (1.9700) | —— | 0.0059** (2.0100) | 0.0392 (1.0000) |
SO22 | —— | −0.0027 (−1.0600) | —— | —— | −0.0017 (−0.6400) | —— | −0.0030 (−1.1400) | —— | —— | −0.0013 (−0.5100) |
NO2 | —— | —— | 0.0483*** (4.8300) | 6.0536*** (5.8500) | 0.0910*** (6.8400) | —— | —— | 0.0940*** (8.3500) | 9.6786*** (8.7200) | 0.1271*** (9.0800) |
NO22 | —— | —— | 0.0115 (1.4500) | —— | 0.0076 (0.9000) | —— | —— | 0.0046 (0.5800) | —— | 0.0031 (0.3700) |
Age | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | 0.0211** (2.1300) | 0.0214** (2.1700) | 0.0241** (2.4400) | 0.0024** (2.4400) | 0.0243** (2.4500) |
Education | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | 0.0014 (0.1300) | 0.0024 (0.2300) | 0.0004 (0.0400) | 0.0003 (0.1500) | 0.0021 (0.2100) |
Disease | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | −0.0371*** (−3.7600) | −0.0368*** (−3.7600) | −0.0308*** (−3.1400) | −0.0249*** (−3.3300) | −0.0308*** (−3.1300) |
Ln(GDP) | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | −0.0633*** (−5.9100) | −0.0597*** (−6.0300) | −0.1009*** (−9.0900) | −0.1535*** (−9.0000) | −0.0951*** (−8.4600) |
Gender | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | 0.0494** (2.4400) | 0.0489** (2.4400) | 0.0485** (2.4200) | 0.0507** (2.5200) | 0.0512** (2.5400) |
C | 0.3284 | 0.3394 | 0.3252 | 0.2165 | 0.3104 | 0.3109 | 0.3141 | 0.3070 | 1.2779 | 0.2949 |
Variable | Regression (1) | Regression (2) | Regression (3) | Regression (4) | Regression (5) | Regression (6) | Regression (7) | Regression (8) | Regression (9) | Regression (10) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM10 | 17.8429*** (2.0764) | —— | —— | 4.7140*** (0.8734) | 0.2609*** (7.8800) | 0.1115*** (3.4800) | —— | —— | 0.1237*** (4.3900) | 0.1560*** (4.4600) |
PM102 | −52.8684*** (8.7510) | —— | —— | —— | −0.0846*** (−7.7300) | −0.0207** (−2.0400) | —— | —— | —— | −0.0370*** (−3.1000) |
SO2 | —— | 0.0570** (0.0252) | —— | 0.0199*** (0.0072) | 0.0359 (1.2900) | —— | 0.1322 (1.2000) | —— | 0.1005*** (3.1100) | 0.0639 (0.5600) |
SO22 | —— | −0.0005 (0.0005) | —— | —— | 0.1105*** (4.9300) | —— | −0.0034 (−0.3400) | —— | —— | 0.0006 (0.0600) |
NO2 | —— | —— | −16.2336* (8.2883) | 4.3751** (2.1504) | 0.0053 (0.0500) | —— | —— | −0.0921*** (−3.3800) | −0.1385*** (−4.6000) | −0.1449*** (−4.7000) |
NO22 | —— | —— | 394.2988*** (109.935) | —— | 0.0040 (0.4000) | —— | —— | 0.0818*** (4.6100) | —— | 0.0835*** (3.7100) |
Age | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | −0.0316 (−1.4400) | −0.0325 (−1.4900) | −0.0347 (−1.5900) | −0.0330 (−15000) | −0.0345 (−1.5700) |
Education | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | 0.1554*** (6.4500) | 0.1504*** (6.3100) | 0.1567*** (6.5400) | 0.1610*** (6.6500) | 0.1649*** (6.8000) |
Disease | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | −0.3217*** (−15.0200) | −0.3152*** (−14.8900) | −0.3161*** (−14.8300) | −0.3212*** (−14.9800) | −0.3212*** (−14.9500) |
Ln(GDP) | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | 0.3059*** (12.6800) | 0.3395*** (15.5000) | 0.3745*** (15.1700) | 0.3615*** (14.6900) | 0.3405*** (12.9500) |
—— | —— | —— | —— | —— | −0.0464 (−1.0300) | −0.0416 (−0.9300) | −0.0396 (−0.8800) | −0.0460 (−1.0200) | −0.0446 (−0.9900) | |
C | −0.4249 | 0.5858 | 0.6397 | 0.0772 | 0.5878 | 0.6834 | 0.6585 | 0.5713 | 0.6646 | 0.6173 |
Variable | Regression (1) | Regression (2) | Regression (3) | Regression (4) | Regression (5) | Regression (6) | Regression (7) | Regression (8) | Regression (9) | Regression (10) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM10 | 21.1412*** (2.1062) | —— | —— | 4.8368*** (0.9669) | 0.4641*** (7.6000) | 0.3389*** (7.8000) | —— | —— | 0.2283*** (4.6800) | 0.5010*** (7.8600) |
PM102 | −47.7789*** (6.4352) | —— | —— | —— | −0.2171*** (−7.5300) | −0.1002*** (−6.2200) | —— | —— | —— | −0.2128*** (−7.2600) |
SO2 | —— | 11.3783** (5.2098) | —— | −1.4041 (2.1293) | −27.3279*** (−3.6200) | —— | 0.0581 (1.4600) | —— | −0.1112** (−2.4200) | −0.0129 (−0.2500) |
SO22 | —— | −1.3500 (47.0390) | —— | —— | 362.0244*** (4.3800) | —— | 0.0011 (0.0600) | —— | —— | 0.1130*** (3.3200) |
NO2 | —— | —— | −0.5982 (15.2933) | 13.4551*** (3.3509) | −0.0501 (−1.0100) | —— | —— | 0.0998*** (2.9200) | 0.0273 (0.6600) | −0.2061*** (−3.7900) |
NO22 | —— | —— | 336.6407* (198.8603) | —— | −0.0342 (−1.3100) | —— | —— | 0.0157 (0.6300) | —— | −0.0461* (−1.7300) |
Age | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | −0.0466 (−1.6300) | −0.0427 (−1.5000) | −0.0434 (−1.5300) | −0.0501* (−1.7500) | −0.0524* (−1.8200) |
Education | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | 0.1842*** (5.9500) | 0.1902*** (6,1700) | 0.1898*** (6.1500) | 0.1851*** (5.9800) | 0.1819*** (5.8400) |
Disease | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | −0.4631*** (−15.8000) | −0.4519*** (−15.2800) | −0.4571*** (−15.7400) | −0.4643*** (−15.5600) | −0.4661*** (−15.5300) |
Ln(GDP) | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | 0.2744*** (8.6200) | 0.3667*** (12.3700) | 0.3297*** (9.8500) | 0.3104*** (9.1900) | 0.3131*** (9.1800) |
Gender | —— | —— | —— | —— | —— | −0.1095* (−1.8700) | −0.0987* (−16900) | −0.0984* (−1.6900) | −0.1059* (−1.8100) | −0.1124* (−1.9100) |
C | −1.1197 | 0.1106 | 0.0370 | −0.4554 | 1.2025 | 0.0770 | 0.6573 | 0.6432 | 0.6654 | 0.8187 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Pi, T.; Wu, H.; Li, X. Does Air Pollution Affect Health and Medical Insurance Cost in the Elderly: An Empirical Evidence from China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1526. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061526
Pi T, Wu H, Li X. Does Air Pollution Affect Health and Medical Insurance Cost in the Elderly: An Empirical Evidence from China. Sustainability. 2019; 11(6):1526. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061526
Chicago/Turabian StylePi, Tianlei, Hongyan Wu, and Xiaotong Li. 2019. "Does Air Pollution Affect Health and Medical Insurance Cost in the Elderly: An Empirical Evidence from China" Sustainability 11, no. 6: 1526. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061526