1. Introduction
China’s State-level High-tech Industry Development Zones (HIDZ), the backbone of the country’s high-tech industries, are a critical driver of China’s innovation and economic growth. According to the statistics of China’s Torch High Technology Industry Development Center, by the end of 2018 there were 168 state-level HIDZ (excluding Suzhou Industrial Park), of which 53 were originally established ones, while 115 were upgraded from province-level development zones. Accounting for more than 65% of the total number, the upgraded state-level HIDZ are supposed to shoulder the important mission of leading innovation. However, the evaluation results announced by the center in 2018 show that almost all of the upgraded state-level HIDZ have lower performance than the born ones. The possible reason for this is that the approval time of upgraded state-level HIDZ is later (concentrated during 2007–2018), most of which are located in the second- or third-tier cities, or even county-level regions. Thus, they are facing major challenges, such as insufficient endogenous innovation capacity, lower value chain position, factor scarcity, and single aggregation means, etc. [
1].
However, the opportunities from state-level upgrade for HIDZ and their cities are also significant. The most direct ones are the greatly improved policy advantages. The upgraded state-level HIDZ will enjoy more favorable state-level policies of administration, land resources, exports, credit, and tax, etc. Meanwhile, the state-level upgrade of province-level HIDZ is also a major strategic arrangement to make China a country of innovators. The state-level upgrade is necessary for further optimizing the strategic spatial structure of the state-level HIDZ and promoting the more balanced regional development. It is exactly due to the coexistence of challenges and opportunities, as well as the mission of leading innovation and balanced development, that the policy effect of the state-level upgrade of HIDZ has become a major practical issue of concern for both academics and policy-makers [
2].
As a place-based industrial policy, there are a lot of existing studies on development zones including state-level HIDZ and their impact on regional or corporate economic performance. However, the following problems still exist and deserve further exploration. First, most of the existing literatures have not distinguished between the originally established development zones and the upgraded ones, but there are significant differences between them in terms of time, space, market competitiveness, and institutional environment [
3]. Based on the data from Chinese prefecture-level cities, the existing literatures studied the impact of development zones establishment on local foreign investment (Wang, 2013) [
4], local economic development (Alder, et al., 2016) [
5], enterprise exports (Schminke, et al., 2013) [
6], etc. However, the above literatures regarded all of the development zones as the same, while ignoring the important distinction resulting from the different development ways.
Second, although there are a few scholars who focus on the upgraded development zones, they either do not evaluate the policy effect or pay little attention to evaluating the policy effect from the specific types of the zones’ stated mission. For instance, Xue and Zhao (2014) analyzed the main characteristics and innovative development paths of 32 upgraded state-level HIDZ based on the theories of industrial ecology [
1]. Zhen and Li (2018) elaborated the inter-generational differences between the upgraded state-level HIDZ and the originally established ones based on self-organization theory [
3]. They both focused on the features and development paths of the upgraded state-level HIDZ, but did not evaluate their policy effect. Based on the data of Chinese industrial enterprises, Huang and Wang (2017) examined the policy effect of the upgraded development zones on enterprise exports [
7]. However, they ignored that the development zones differ in their stated mission [
8]. Different missions will inevitably bring about different oriented policies. Specifically, the state-level HIDZ are the backbone for China to implement the innovation-driven development strategy by fostering high-tech industries [
6]; the state-level Economic and Technological Development Zones (ETDZ) are critical for attracting foreign investment and promoting industrial clusters, while most of the province-level zones mainly focus on building industrial agglomeration areas [
5]. Therefore, it is more instructive for policy-makers to evaluate the policy effect of upgraded zones from their own stated mission.
In order to fill the above research gaps, this paper focuses on the upgraded state-level HIDZ and intends to evaluate the policy effects from their stated mission. The upgraded state-level HIDZ, which have absolute advantages in quantity, are equally important with the originally established ones, but have not received enough scholarly attention. In the background of the innovation-driven development of China, being strategic highlands for leading innovation and important engines to promote economic transformation, has become the core function of the state-level HIDZ [
9]. Urban innovation efficiency can well measure the fulfillment of this stated function. Therefore, using urban innovation efficiency to evaluate the policy effect of the state-level upgrade can provide more useful information for policy-makers. Meanwhile, existing literatures on the factors influencing urban innovation efficiency have mainly focused on the R&D activities of innovation entities (e.g., enterprises, governments, universities and other research institutions), the communication among them, and innovation environment (e.g., economy, infrastructure and culture) [
10]. Although factors such as government R&D investment and innovation environment may be related with the mechanism of state-level HIDZ affecting urban innovation efficiency, there is still a gap of direct examination on how state-level HIDZ, especially the upgraded ones, affect urban innovation efficiency. Thus, the paper takes China’s large-scale state-level upgrade of HIDZ in 2010 as a quasi-natural experiment and uses difference-in-differences propensity score matching approach (hereinafter referred to as “PSM-DID”) [
11] to evaluate the impact of the upgraded state-level HIDZ on urban innovation efficiency. An additional heterogeneity analysis is conducted based on the scientific research level of higher education institutions in the cities.
This study contributes the following to the literature: First, due to the inter-generational differences between the upgraded state-level HIDZ and the originally established ones, this paper takes the former as the research objective, which fills the gap of the existing studies focusing on the total or the originally established state-level HIDZ in China. Second, the paper evaluates the policy effect of the upgraded state-level HIDZ by urban innovation efficiency, which is closely related with their stated mission, and further identifies the boundary conditions for guaranteeing a positive policy effect. It provides more effective guiding for the upgraded state-level HIDZ to better seize opportunities and cope with challenges, and then successfully fulfill the mission given by the country. Third, the paper uses the PSM-DID method, which to some extent overcomes the endogenous and sample selection bias problems, and eliminates the interference from other factors, so as to accurately identify the net effect of the state-level upgrade policy.
3. Research Design
3.1. PSM-DID Model
PSM-DID method is used in the paper in order to effectively avoid the interference of sample selection bias and endogenous problems.
First, matching variables are selected, which are also called covariates. Caliendo and Kopeinig’s (2008) stated that only variables affecting both outcome variables and the probability of policy implementation should be included in the PSM model [
26]. Therefore, the variables that affect both the state-level upgrade of HIDZ and urban innovation efficiency are selected. They are as follows: economic development level (
lnpgdp), industrialization level (
industry), industrial structure (
thirdindustry), science and technology input intensity (
scitechinput), education input intensity (
eduinput), openness level (
fdi), level of higher education (
edu), proportion of scientific and technical personnel (
sciemp), and infrastructure condition (
inform).
Second, the propensity score is calculated, which equals the probability that the province-level HIDZ in the city would be state-level upgraded. The Logit Regression Model is established, as shown in formula (1), where the dependent variable is a binary dummy variable (the city with the upgraded high-tech zone is taken as 1, the opposite is taken as 0), and the independent variables are the selected nine covariates. According to the results estimated by formula (1), the k-neighborhood matching method is used to match the treatment cities with the control cities within the common value range.
At last, the
treated and control cities are further divided into four groups according to the time of state-level upgrade policy. The first and second group include the
treated cities before and after the upgrading of the zone, and the third and fourth group are the control cities before and after the upgrading of the zone. Then, two dummy variables
treated and
dt are used to distinguish the above four sub-samples, and DID model are developed as shown in Equation (2):
where
Y denotes urban innovation efficiency, and
treated is the dummy variable of whether there is an upgraded state-level NHTZ in the city (
treated = 1 means there is,
treated = 0 means the opposite).
Dt is the time dummy variable (
dt = 0 means the time before the upgrade of the zone,
dt = 1 means the opposite). And
treated ×
dt is the interaction of the two dummies,
Z is a series of control variables,
ε is a random disturbance term, and subscripts
i and
t mean the
i-th prefecture-level city and the
t-th year, respectively.
The meaning of each parameter in the above model is shown in
Table 1. The net effect of the upgraded state-level HIDZ on urban innovation efficiency
δ3 can be examined by using PSM-DID method. If
δ3 is significantly positive, it indicates that the upgraded state-level HIDZ can promote urban innovation efficiency.
3.2. Sample and Data
As shown in
Table 2, from 2009 to 2012, the State Council of China approved 51 upgraded state-level HIDZ in total. There were 27 province-level HIDZ upgraded in 2010, initiating a large-scale state-level upgrade. Therefore, the paper takes the state-level upgrade of HIDZ in 2010 as a quasi-natural experiment to examine the policy effect. The investigation period was from 2007 to 2015. The city-level panel data are obtained from the China City Statistical Yearbooks, the National Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) website, and the website of each city’s statistics bureau.
The paper cleans data in the treatment group with the following steps: First, the cities which cannot be located in prefecture-level ones are excluded. Yanji is the capital of the autonomous prefecture, and Changji is a county-level city; thus, the two cities are excluded. Second, the prefecture-level city Suzhou, which has already had a state-level HIDZ before 2010 is excluded. Suzhou has an upgraded state-level HIDZ (i.e., Kunshan HIDZ) in 2010, but has already established a state-level Suzhou HIDZ as early as 1992. In the end, 24 prefecture-level cities with upgraded state-level HIDZ in 2010 are reserved in the treatment group.
To clean data in the control group, the paper firstly excludes the prefecture-level cities with state-level HIDZ as of 2015. Secondly, the prefecture-level cities without province-level HIDZ, ETDZ or industrial parks in the China Development Zone Audit Announcement Catalogue (2006 edition) are excluded. Because state-level HIDZ are not necessarily upgraded from province-level HIDZ. For example, Yingtan HIDZ in Jiangxi Province is upgraded from Yingtan Province-level Industrial Park. The predecessor of Suizhou State-level HIDZ is the Suizhou Province-level ETDZ, which was renamed the HIDZ one year before the state-level upgrade. Finally, 140 cities are kept in the control group.
Given that the approval time for the state-level upgrade of HIDZ in 2010 is concentrated on September and November, the paper uses 2011 as the time point for the implementation of the upgrade policy. That is, 2007–2010 is the time interval before policy implementation, and 2011–2015 is the time interval after the policy implementation. The paper only uses the data from 2007 to 2010 to conduct the group matching. Additionally, all of the variables’ values are deflated by the GDP index in 2007 to eliminate the impact of inflation.
3.3. Main Variables
3.3.1. Dependent Variables
The input-oriented BCC model of data envelopment analysis (DEA) is adopted to measure urban innovation efficiency by using MATLAB 2016b [
27]. Two variables in terms of expenditure of science & technology, and practitioners of scientific research & technical services are selected as the input indicators. The number of patent applications of the city is selected as the output indicator. Compared with patent grants, the number of patent applications is less sensitive to the government sector, and thus it can be used as a more suitable indicator to measure the true level of technological innovation in a city [
28,
29]. Considering the possible lag effect [
30,
31], the paper will investigate the urban innovation efficiency without lag, with a lag of 1 year and 2 years, respectively.
3.3.2. Independent Variables
The independent variables in the paper include the dummy variable of whether the state-level upgrade policy is implemented (treated), and the time dummy variable (dt) before or after policy implementation, as well as the scientific research level of higher education institutions in the cities.
3.3.3. Control Variables
All of the covariables in the PSM model will have an impact on urban innovation efficiency, and thus become the control variables in the DID model, which will not be repeated here.
The main variables and their calculation methods can be summarized as in
Table 3.
Table 4 indicates the descriptive statistics of these variables.
5. Conclusions and Discussion
Based on the panel data of Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2007 to 2015, taking the large-scale state-level upgrade of HIDZ in 2010 as a quasi-natural experiment, the paper uses the PSM-DID method to examine the impact of the upgraded state-level HIDZ on urban innovation efficiency and its dynamic effect. In addition, heterogeneity analysis based on the scientific research level of local higher education institutions in the cities is conducted. The conclusions are as follows: First, the upgraded state-level HIDZ has significantly promoted the urban innovation efficiency, the positive effect gradually being strengthened with the implementation of the state-level upgrade policy. Second, the higher the scientific research level of higher education institutions in the cities, the greater the positive policy effect of upgraded state-level HIDZ.
Urban innovation efficiency is an appropriate indicator to evaluate fulfillment of the state mission of state-level HIDZ. Compared to the born state-level HIDZ, the upgraded one faces more significant opportunities and challenges. Therefore, evaluating the policy effect of the upgraded state-level HIDZ from the perspective of urban innovation efficiency, the paper not only fills a gap left by previous studies which have focused mostly on the total or originally established state-level HIDZ, but also evaluates the state-level upgrade policy more accurately, thus providing more effective support for policy adjustment or optimization.
Conclusions of this paper offer two policy implications: First, the state-level upgrade policy of province-level HIDZ should be unswervingly implemented in China. Although the performance of the upgraded state-level HIDZ is weaker than the born ones due to many developmental challenges, their policy effect on urban innovation efficiency is a significant positive. Additional reasons include the following: On the one hand, the state-level upgrade is a strategic arrangement for optimizing the spatial layout of HIDZ, and it will help to speed up the development of cities with weaker growth (e.g., some resource-based cities, western cities, and other poor or border cities), thus promotes coordinated regional development. On the other hand, the state-level upgrade is also an incentive and “spur” for province-level HIDZ. Before the upgrade, the province-level HIDZ will be encouraged to make it eligible for state-level upgrading. After the upgrade, the upgraded state-level HIDZ will be spurred to grasp huge opportunities as they ensue, making good use of the latecomer’s advantages to fulfill the mission of leading innovation and promoting balanced development.
Second, the scientific research level of the higher education institutions in the cities should be considered in the development of the upgraded state-level HIDZ, as well as the qualification assessment of the province-level HIDZ to upgrade. On the one hand, for the existing upgraded state-level HIDZ, in addition to taking better advantage of the state-level identity based on their own characteristics, local governments should also pay attention to the cultivation of scientific research capabilities of higher education institutions in their cities. In this way, the innovative factors such as talents and achievements in scientific research will be continuously prepared for the upgraded state-level HIDZ to boost their real upgrade. On the other hand, for the province-level HIDZ who intends to apply for state-level upgrade in China, except for the economic performance and development potential, the scientific research level of the local higher education institutions should also be included in the evaluation criterion of the upgrade qualification. Thus, in order to upgrade the province-level HIDZ, the local governments would be motivated to raise the scientific research level of higher education institutions in the cities, and this will help to achieve a virtuous cycle of regional innovation and development [
35].
There are also several limitations in the paper that future research can address. First, this paper’s focus is on the state-level upgrade of HIDZ in 2010, while there are more than 100 HIDZ that were upgraded in batches since 2009. Future research can further expand the sample to evaluate the policy effect comprehensively based on the data from all of the upgraded state-level HIDZ in China. Second, due to the problem of data availability, the paper does not conduct empirical examination on the mechanism of how the upgraded state-level HIDZ affects urban innovation efficiency. Future work can further optimize research design and provide empirical support for the impact mechanism. Finally, as elaborated in the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it is necessary to build a coordinated pattern of regional development based on city clusters. Therefore, the policy effect of the establishment and upgrade of HIDZ can further be evaluated at the dimension of city clusters [
36].