Challenges for the Integration of Water Resource and Drought-Risk Management in Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Evolution of Drought Management Strategies in Spain
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Climate-Change Effects on Water Resources
4.2. Water-Stress Level for Different River Basin Districts
4.3. Development and Implementation of Drought Planning
4.3.1. Special Action Plans during Conditions of Alert and Eventual Drought (PES)
4.3.2. Emergency Plans (PEM) for Supply Systems That Serve Urban Agglomerations with a Population in Excess of 20,000 Inhabitants
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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River Basin District | Average Precipitation (mm/year) | Available Resources * | Non-Conventional Resources | Water Demands | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Desalination | Reuse | Urban | Agrarian | Industrial | |||
Cant. Oriental | 1450 | 4673 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 233.8 | 2.8 | 36.3 |
Cant. Occidental | 1248 | 11,855 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 180.3 | 99.8 | 181.8 |
Galicia Costa | 1.468 | 12,716 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 225.7 | 52.3 | 90.7 |
Miño-Sil | 1256.7 | 11,823 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 101.7 | 319.7 | 17.3 |
Duero | 612 | 12,777 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 287.1 | 3425.4 | 45.7 |
Tajo | 636 | 7865 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 741.3 | 1929.3 | 42.5 |
Guadiana | 808.01 | 4869 | 0.0 | 9.1 | 166.0 | 1915.7 | 48.6 |
Tinto-Odiel-Piedras | 700 | 801 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 65.8 | 191.8 | 51.6 |
Guadalquivir | 582 | 7071 | 0.0 | 15.0 | 379.4 | 3374.7 | 43.4 |
Guadalete-Barbate | 780 | 823 | 0.0 | 9.8 | 107.9 | 306.8 | 23.4 |
C. M. Andaluzas | 512 | 2916 | 43.5 | 27.4 | 344.9 | 983.3 | 58.5 |
Segura | 385 | 1425 | 159.3 | 84.7 | 185.5 | 1487.1 | 20.3 |
Júcar | 475 | 3194 | 3.5 | 77.8 | 524.7 | 2580.6 | 135.4 |
Ebro | 622 | 14340 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 358.9 | 7680.6 | 294.3 |
C. I. de Cataluña | 695 | 2536 | 16.7 | 7.96 | 571.6 | 378.8 | 96.0 |
Total Spain | 457.9 | 99,684 | 223.0 | 250.54 | 4474.9 | 24,729.2 | 1185.73 |
River Basin District | Scenario 2027 | Scenario 2033 |
---|---|---|
Cant. Oriental | 2% | 11% |
Cant. Occidental | 4% | 11% |
Galicia Costa | no data | 7% |
Miño-Sil | no data | 5% |
Duero | no data | 7% |
Tajo | no data | 7% |
Guadiana | no data | 6% |
Tinto-Odiel-Piedras | no data | 8% |
Guadalquivir | 6% | 6–8% |
Guadalete-Barbate | 8% | 8% |
C.M. Andaluzas | no data | 8% |
Segura | no data | 5% |
Júcar | no data | 12% |
Ebro | no data | 5% |
C. I. de Cataluña | 5% | 10% |
Hydrological Variables | RCP 4.5 | RCP 8.5 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010–2040 | 2040–2070 | 2070–2100 | 2010–2040 | 2040–2070 | 2070–2100 | |
Rainfall | −2% | −6% | −7% | −4% | −14% | −14% |
Potential evapotranspiration | 3% | 7% | 9% | 4% | 10% | 17% |
Real evapotranspiration | −1% | −3% | 3% | −3% | −4% | −6% |
Soil moisture | −2% | −4% | −5% | −2% | −5% | −8% |
Groundwater bodies recharge | −3% | −11% | −13% | −7% | −14% | −24% |
Runoff | −3% | −11% | −13% | −7% | −14% | −24% |
River Basin District | Natural Freshwater (hm3/year) | Available Resources (hm3/year) | Water Consumptive Demand (hm3/year) | WEI+ 2021 | *WEI+ 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cantábrico Oriental | 4458.0 | 4673.0 | 266.5 | 6.0 | 5.7 |
Cantábrico Occidental | 11,848.0 | 11,855.0 | 482.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 |
Galicia Costa | 17,718.0 | 12,716.0 | 362.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 |
Miño-Sil | 11,821.0 | 11,823.0 | 415.9 | 3.5 | 3.5 |
Duero | 12,772.0 | 12,777.0 | 3793.8 | 29.7 | 29.7 |
Tajo | 8222.0 | 7865.0 | 2898.5 | 35.3 | 36.9 |
Guadiana | 4999.0 | 4869.0 | 2263.3 | 45.4 | 46.6 |
Tinto-Odiel-Piedras | 658.0 | 801.0 | 467.9 | 71.1 | 58.4 |
Guadalquivir | 7092.0 | 7071.0 | 3768.7 | 53.1 | 53.3 |
Guadalete-Barbate | 769.0 | 823.0 | 425.8 | 55.4 | 51.7 |
C.M. Andaluzas | 2819.0 | 2916.0 | 1356.6 | 48.1 | 46.5 |
Segura | 740.0 | 1425.0 | 1702.2 | 230.0 | 119.5 |
Júcar | 3111.0 | 3194.0 | 3034.3 | 97.5 | 95 |
Ebro | 14,623.0 | 14,340.0 | 9104.1 | 62.3 | 63.5 |
Cuencas Internas de Cataluña | 4459.0 | 2536.0 | 1007.8 | 22.6 | 39.7 |
Total peninsular Spain | 101,109.0 | 99,684.0 | 31,355.4 | 31.0 | 31.5 |
River Basin District | Surface Water Bodies | Global Status | Groundwater Bodies | Global Status | Total | Global Status | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Good | Worse Than a Good | Good | Bad | Good | Bad | ||||||||||
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | ||||
Cantábrico Oriental | 138 | 88 | 63.8 | 50 | 36.2 | 20 | 19 | 95.0 | 1 | 5.0 | 158 | 107 | 67.7 | 51 | 32.3 |
Cantábrico Occidental | 293 | 244 | 83.3 | 49 | 16.7 | 20 | 20 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 313 | 264 | 84.3 | 49 | 15.7 |
Galicia Costa | 466 | 361 | 77.5 | 105 | 22.5 | 18 | 18 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 484 | 379 | 78.3 | 105 | 21.7 |
Miño-Sil | 279 | 212 | 76.0 | 67 | 24.0 | 6 | 4 | 66.7 | 2 | 33.3 | 285 | 216 | 75.8 | 69 | 24.2 |
Duero | 709 | 211 | 29.8 | 498 | 70.2 | 64 | 48 | 75.0 | 16 | 25.0 | 773 | 259 | 33.5 | 514 | 66.5 |
Tajo | 323 | 182 | 56.3 | 141 | 43.7 | 24 | 18 | 75.0 | 6 | 25.0 | 347 | 200 | 57.6 | 147 | 42.4 |
Guadiana | 316 | 96 | 30.4 | 220 | 69.6 | 20 | 4 | 20.0 | 16 | 80.0 | 336 | 100 | 29.8 | 236 | 70.2 |
Tinto, Odiel y Piedras | 68 | 34 | 50.0 | 34 | 50.0 | 4 | 1 | 25.0 | 3 | 75.0 | 72 | 35 | 48.6 | 37 | 51.4 |
Guadalquivir | 446 | 276 | 61.9 | 170 | 38.1 | 86 | 54 | 62.8 | 32 | 37.2 | 532 | 330 | 62.0 | 202 | 38.0 |
Guadalete y Barbate | 97 | 44 | 45.4 | 53 | 54.6 | 14 | 5 | 35.7 | 9 | 64.3 | 111 | 49 | 44.1 | 62 | 55.9 |
C. M. Andaluzas | 177 | 104 | 58.8 | 73 | 41.2 | 67 | 23 | 34.3 | 44 | 65.7 | 244 | 127 | 52.0 | 117 | 48.0 |
Segura | 114 | 61 | 53.5 | 53 | 46.5 | 63 | 17 | 27.0 | 46 | 73.0 | 177 | 78 | 44.1 | 99 | 55.9 |
Júcar | 349 | 127 | 36.4 | 222 | 63.6 | 90 | 49 | 54.4 | 41 | 45.6 | 439 | 176 | 40.1 | 263 | 59.9 |
Ebro | 823 | 582 | 70.7 | 241 | 29.3 | 105 | 81 | 77.1 | 24 | 22.9 | 928 | 663 | 71.4 | 265 | 28.6 |
Cuencas Internas de Cataluña | 346 | 177 | 51.2 | 169 | 48.8 | 37 | 13 | 35.1 | 24 | 64.9 | 383 | 190 | 49.6 | 193 | 50.4 |
Total peninsular Spain | 4944 | 2799 | 56.6 | 2145 | 43.4 | 638 | 374 | 58.6 | 264 | 41.4 | 5582 | 3173 | 56.8 | 2409 | 43.2 |
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Vargas, J.; Paneque, P. Challenges for the Integration of Water Resource and Drought-Risk Management in Spain. Sustainability 2019, 11, 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020308
Vargas J, Paneque P. Challenges for the Integration of Water Resource and Drought-Risk Management in Spain. Sustainability. 2019; 11(2):308. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020308
Chicago/Turabian StyleVargas, Jesús, and Pilar Paneque. 2019. "Challenges for the Integration of Water Resource and Drought-Risk Management in Spain" Sustainability 11, no. 2: 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11020308