Responses of Soil Respiration and Organic Carbon to Straw Mulching and Ridge Tillage in Maize Field of a Triple Cropping System in the Hilly Region of Southwest China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Treatments and Experimental Design
2.3. Determination of Soil Respiration
2.4. Determination of Soil Hydrothermal Factors
2.5. Determination of Soil Fauna
2.6. Calculation of Carbon Balance in Farmland Ecosystem
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Respiration Characteristics of Farmland
3.2. Relationship between Soil Hydrothermal Factor and Soil Respiration
3.3. Relationship between Soil Fauna and Soil Respiration
3.4. Carbon Source and Sink Characteristics of Maize Farmland Ecosystem
4. Discussion
4.1. Soil Respiration Rate under Straw Mulching and Ridge Tillage
4.2. Effect of Soil Hydrothermal Factors on Soil Respiration
4.3. Effect of Soil Fauna on Soil Respiration
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Bulk Density (g cm−3) | Soil pH | Soil Organic Matter (g kg−1) | Total Nitrogen (g kg−1) | Total Phosphorus (g kg−1) | Total Potassium (g kg−1) | Alkaline Hydrolysis (mg kg−1) | Available Phosphorus (mg kg−1) | Available Potassium (mg kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.21 | 6.47 | 28.00 | 1.68 | 1.46 | 34.54 | 38.23 | 18.13 | 170.13 |
Treatments | a | b | Sample Numbers | R2 | p-Value | Q10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | 0.344 | 0.085 | 20 | 0.512 | 0.000 | 2.34 |
R | 0.357 | 0.083 | 20 | 0.429 | 0.002 | 2.41 |
TS | 0.279 | 0.099 | 20 | 0.461 | 0.001 | 2.69 |
RS | 0.407 | 0.083 | 20 | 0.405 | 0.003 | 2.41 |
TSD | 0.340 | 0.093 | 20 | 0.537 | 0.000 | 2.53 |
RSD | 0.451 | 0.081 | 20 | 0.289 | 0.014 | 2.25 |
Model Summary | Parameter Estimates | Soil Moisture Response Threshold | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quadratic | R Square | F | df1 | df2 | Sig. | Constant | b1 | b2 | |
T | 0.748 | 5.936 | 2 | 4 | 0.064 | −4.307 | 121.911 | −490.616 | 12.42% |
R | 0.781 | 7.152 | 2 | 4 | 0.048 | −3.958 | 112.509 | −469.726 | 11.98% |
TS | 0.559 | 2.537 | 2 | 4 | 0.194 | −7.303 | 174.215 | −680.695 | 12.80% |
RS | 0.811 | 8.597 | 2 | 4 | 0.036 | −5.475 | 150.530 | −605.781 | 12.42% |
TSD | 0.603 | 3.032 | 2 | 4 | 0.158 | −7.105 | 175.933 | −670.880 | 13.11% |
RSD | 0.951 | 38.856 | 2 | 4 | 0.002 | −8.846 | 213.138 | −849.934 | 12.54% |
Growth Period | T | R | TS | RS |
---|---|---|---|---|
Transplanting | 66 | 64 | 49 | 67 |
Small bell | 136 | 155 | 177 | 229 |
Silking | 160 | 114 | 202 | 259 |
Filling | 135 | 109 | 172 | 202 |
Complete ripeness | 22 | 41 | 135 | 184 |
Total | 519 | 483 | 735 | 941 |
Total Number of Soil Fauna | Number of Soil Fauna by Tullgren Apparatus | Number of Soil Fauna by Pitfall Traps | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R | p | R | p | r | p | |
Average | 0.838 ** | 0.000 | 0.827 ** | 0.000 | 0.536 * | 0.015 |
T | 0.700 | 0.188 | 0.616 | 0.269 | 0.103 | 0.870 |
R | 0.900 * | 0.037 | 0.800 | 0.104 | 1.000 ** | 0.000 |
TS | 0.900 * | 0.037 | 0.900 * | 0.037 | 0.900 * | 0.037 |
RS | 0.700 | 0.188 | 0.700 | 0.188 | 0.154 | 0.805 |
Treatments | Carbon Sinks g(C)/m2 | Carbon Sources g(C)/m2 | Net Carbon Storage g(C)/m2 | Sinks Amplitude % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Above Ground | Under Ground | Total | Total Soil Respiration | Heterotrophic Respiration | |||
T | 755.966d | 75.597d | 831.563d | 304.638 | 152.319 | 679.244 | - |
R | 755.130cd | 75.513cd | 830.643cd | 263.264 | 131.632 | 699.011 | 2.91 |
TS | 817.656bc | 81.766bc | 899.422bc | 352.806 | 176.404 | 723.018 | 6.44 |
RS | 794.389bc | 79.439bc | 873.828bc | 342.077 | 171.038 | 702.790 | 3.47 |
TSD | 823.867b | 82.387b | 906.253b | 388.816 | 194.408 | 711.846 | 4.80 |
RSD | 835.569a | 83.557a | 919.126a | 390.723 | 195.362 | 723.764 | 6.55 |
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Zhang, S.; Hussain, H.A.; Wang, L.; Hussain, S.; Li, B.; Zhou, H.; Luo, H.; Zhang, X.; Ma, Z.; Long, L.; et al. Responses of Soil Respiration and Organic Carbon to Straw Mulching and Ridge Tillage in Maize Field of a Triple Cropping System in the Hilly Region of Southwest China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3068. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113068
Zhang S, Hussain HA, Wang L, Hussain S, Li B, Zhou H, Luo H, Zhang X, Ma Z, Long L, et al. Responses of Soil Respiration and Organic Carbon to Straw Mulching and Ridge Tillage in Maize Field of a Triple Cropping System in the Hilly Region of Southwest China. Sustainability. 2019; 11(11):3068. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113068
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Sai, Hafiz Athar Hussain, Longchang Wang, Saddam Hussain, Biao Li, Hangfei Zhou, Haixiu Luo, Xiaoyu Zhang, Zhonglian Ma, Ling Long, and et al. 2019. "Responses of Soil Respiration and Organic Carbon to Straw Mulching and Ridge Tillage in Maize Field of a Triple Cropping System in the Hilly Region of Southwest China" Sustainability 11, no. 11: 3068. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113068