Production System Diversification and Livelihood in the Drylands of North Central Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area, Sampling, and Data Collection
2.2. Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Diversification of the Production Systems in the Drylands
3.1.1. Subsistence Systems
3.1.2. Commercial Systems
3.1.3. Off-farm Income Systems
3.2. Socioeconomic Characteristics of the Farmers by Production System
3.3. Market Orientation
3.4. Social Capital
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cluster | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Total | F | Sig |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Farmers | 208 | 177 | 134 | 244 | 152 | 63 | 31 | 29 | 6 | 1044 | ||
Hectares | 9.5 a | 9.8 ab | 13.1 ab | 18.0 b | 14.1 ab | 52.2 d | 14.3 ab | 12.2 ab | 38.8 c | 15.1 | 96.68 | 0.00 |
Herd size | 3.1 a | 10.7 ab | 7.0 ab | 82.2 d | 1.7 a | 16.5 b | 29.6 c | 159.3 e | 419.2 f | 21.0 | 1028.90 | 0.00 |
Off-farm income (%) | 1.4 a | 80.7 d | 39.1 c | 16.6 b | 0.1 a | 0.7 a | 1.0 a | 4.7 a | 5.0 a | 20.0 | 768.11 | 0.00 |
SC Farmers | 1.9 a | 2.1 ab | 2.2 ab | 2.2 ab | 2.3 ab | 2.4 ab | 2.1 ab | 2.2 ab | 2.7 b | 2.1 | 3.72 | 0.00 |
SC Customers | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.79 | 0.08 |
SC Suppliers | 0.3 a | 0.3 a | 0.4 a | 0.5 a | 0.2 a | 0.4 a | 0.4 a | 0.5 a | 1.0 b | 0.3 | 4.52 | 0.00 |
Ppal Agri. Syst. | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 37.22 + | 0.04 | |
Ppal Livest. Syst. | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 612.93 + | 0.00 |
Cluster | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Total | F | Sig |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 71.9 c | 43.5 a | 51.2 ab | 49.5 ab | 57.7 b | 58.3 b | 51.6 ab | 53.6 b | 58.3 b | 55.1 | 83.2 | 0.000 |
Years as farmer | 48.2 c | 24.3 a | 28.4 ab | 28.0 ab | 37.1 bc | 33.6 ab | 38.2 bc | 31.4 ab | 38.5 bc | 33.6 | 39.3 | 0.000 |
Women (%) | 11.1 | 18.6 | 6.7 | 5.7 | 6.6 | 11.1 | 6.5 | 6.9 | 0 | 9.6 | 25.7 + | 0.001 |
Education (%) | ||||||||||||
No schooling | 59.9 | 14.1 | 15.7 | 19.7 | 18.4 | 30.2 | 6.5 | 13.8 | 33.3 | 24.8 | 169.6 + | 0.000 |
Primary | 43.8 | 59.3 | 60.4 | 52.0 | 61.8 | 47.6 | 74.20 | 55.2 | 66.7 | 54.7 | ||
Secondary | 2.9 | 21.5 | 19.4 | 23.0 | 17.7 | 17.5 | 19.40 | 17.2 | 0.0 | 16.7 | ||
High School | 0.5 | 5.1 | 2.2 | 4.1 | 2.6 | 4.8 | 0.00 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 3.1 | ||
University | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 0.8 |
Cluster | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Total | X2 | Sig |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Point of sale (%) | ||||||||||||
Farm gate | 3.8 | 7.3 | 6.0 | 4.5 | 2.0 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 6.9 | 16.7 | 4.7 | 29.4 + | 0.205 |
Municipality | 54.3 | 50.3 | 49.3 | 54.4 | 49.3 | 42.9 | 54.8 | 24.1 | 50.0 | 50.8 | ||
Other | 8.7 | 9.6 | 11.2 | 10.2 | 15.8 | 17.5 | 12.9 | 10.3 | 16.7 | 11.3 | ||
Mixed | 33.2 | 32.8 | 33.6 | 30.7 | 32.9 | 34.9 | 32.3 | 58.6 | 16.7 | 33.2 | ||
Market orientation (%) | ||||||||||||
Local | 28.8 | 24.3 | 30.6 | 25.0 | 24.3 | 28.6 | 22.6 | 13.8 | 33.3 | 26.1 | 90.7 + | 0.000 |
State | 7.7 | 9.6 | 5.2 | 12.7 | 8.6 | 15.9 | 12.9 | 3.4 | 16.7 | 9.6 | ||
National | 10.6 | 16.9 | 11.2 | 20.1 | 15.8 | 12.7 | 32.3 | 20.7 | 16.7 | 15.8 | ||
Export | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 | ||
Own consumption | 23.6 | 16.4 | 28.4 | 18.4 | 23.0 | 22.2 | 0.0 | 41.4 | 0.0 | 21.3 | ||
Mixed | 29.3 | 32.8 | 24.6 | 23.8 | 28.3 | 20.6 | 32.3 | 17.2 | 33.3 | 27.1 |
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Figueroa-Sandoval, B.; Coronado-Minjarez, M.A.; García-Herrera, E.J.; Ramírez-López, A.; Sangerman-Jarquín, D.M.; Figueroa-Rodríguez, K.A. Production System Diversification and Livelihood in the Drylands of North Central Mexico. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2750. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102750
Figueroa-Sandoval B, Coronado-Minjarez MA, García-Herrera EJ, Ramírez-López A, Sangerman-Jarquín DM, Figueroa-Rodríguez KA. Production System Diversification and Livelihood in the Drylands of North Central Mexico. Sustainability. 2019; 11(10):2750. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102750
Chicago/Turabian StyleFigueroa-Sandoval, Benjamín, Martín A. Coronado-Minjarez, Eduviges J. García-Herrera, Artemio Ramírez-López, Dora M. Sangerman-Jarquín, and Katia A. Figueroa-Rodríguez. 2019. "Production System Diversification and Livelihood in the Drylands of North Central Mexico" Sustainability 11, no. 10: 2750. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102750