Next Article in Journal
Influence of Tidal Stress on the Immunocompetence of Hemocytes in Soft-Shell Clam (Mya arenaria)
Previous Article in Journal
Role of Confounding Factors in Assessing Immune Competence of Bivalves (Mya arenaria, Mytilus edulis) Exposed to Pollutants
 
 
Journal of Xenobiotics is published by MDPI from Volume 10 Issue 1 (2020). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with PAGEPress.
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Polychaetes as Bioindicators of Water Quality in the Saguenay Fjord (Quebec, Canada): A Preliminary Investigation †

1
Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, Montréal, QUE H2Y 2E7, Canada
2
Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, Burlington, ON, Canada
3
Laboratoire Plantes, Pesticides et Développement Durable, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Conference presentation: part of this paper was presented at the ECOBIM meeting, 2013 May, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
J. Xenobiot. 2013, 3(s1), s1e1; https://doi.org/10.4081/xeno.2013.s1.e1
Submission received: 2 December 2013 / Accepted: 2 December 2013 / Published: 3 December 2013

Introduction

The Saguenay Fjord, a key affluent of the St- Lawrence River estuary (SLRE), is prone to environmental pressures stemming from mixed and diffuse sources of (in)organic con- tamination, and has been studied extensively with bivalves as indicators of water quality. Overall, measurements generated with batter- ies of biomarkers have shown site-specific effects impacting animal health (i.e., Mya are- naria soft-shell clams and Mytilus edulis mus- sels) which have included immunotoxicity, reprotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, as well as growth inhibition and decreased ener- gy reserves.[1] In contrast to molluscan shellfish, polychaetes, abundant in, and at the mouth of, the Saguenay Fjord, have seldom been evaluat- ed in this aquatic environment, although recent reports suggests that they can be useful indicators to conduct ecotoxicological stud- ies.[2,3] As a preliminary step in considering pos- sible future research prospects with these ben- thic animals, we collected Nereis sp. from two sites (i.e., one reference and one contaminant- impacted intertidal zone) located in the SLRE near the mouth of the Saguenay Fjord to take note of their relative abundance, size and tis- sue metal content profile.

Materials and Methods

In October 2008, Nereis sp. worms were col- lected in the intertidal zone of the two follow- ing sites: i) Baie Ste-Catherine (BSC), located 2 km South-West of the mouth of the Saguenay Fjord in the SLRE (48.06 N; 69.43 W); this site is impacted by naval (large wharf allowing docking of cruise/tourist ships for whale sight-seeing from May to October ; annual ferry serv- ice allowing vehicle crossings to/from BSC/ Tadoussac across the Saguenay Fjord; constant ship traffic to and from the St-Lawrence River estuary) and by domestic (direct discharge of the 500-inhabitant BSC municipal wastewater effluent into the intertidal zone) pollution: ii) Baie du Moulin à Baude (BMB), located 5 km North-East of the mouth of the Saguenay Fjord in the SLRE (48.08 N; 69.40 W); this is a refer- ence site with no apparent sources of pollution (Figure 1).
Worms were extracted at low tide from their benthic environment by digging into the sedi- ment with a pointed shovel and/or pitchfork. At each site, one animal was collected from each of 20 individual digging locations (holes) con- ducted within a 20-m radius. When more than one worm was uncovered in a dig location (usually 1-4 were found), only the largest worm was kept in all cases. Worms were then transported back to our field laboratory held damp in paper towels where purging of their gut content could occur. BSC (n=20) and BMB (n=20) worms were then weighed within two hours after collection and then preserved in dry ice. Worms and sediment were later ana- lyzed for metals by the (Canadian) National Laboratory for Environmental Testing (Burlington, Ontario). Tissues and sediments were dried to a constant weight before diges- tion with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in a high-pressure microwave oven. Metals were analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma- Sector Field Mass Spectrometry. The National Water Research Institute’s certified reference materials were used to ensure QA/QC. A total of 8 worms per site was used for metal content analysis.
The data (metal concentrations and worm weights) were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test before analysis of variance. The data proved normal and were then subject- ed to analysis of variance and critical differ- ences between sites were tested using Fisher’s least square difference test using Statistica (version 5.5) software. Significance was set at P<0.05.

Results and Discussion

Only red Nereis sp. polychaetes were found at both study sites. Although several worms were usually found per dig location (hole) at the BMB site, abundance was clearly less at the BSC site as some diggings were often unsuccessful (i.e., devoid of worms). Large inter-site size differ- ences were found in worms. Indeed, animals from the BSC pollution-impacted site (mean g wet weight±SD = 0.28±0.17) were significantly smaller than those from the BMB reference site (mean g wet weight±SD = 1.69±1.0) indicating marked growth inhibition (Figure 2). Worm metal tissue levels also proved to be significant- ly different between the sites for 11 of the 28 elements that were analyzed (Table 1). Ten of these 11 metals displayed concentrations that were significantly higher in worms at the pollu- tion-impacted BSC site over those from the ref- erence site (BMB) by factors ranging from 1.8 to 5.3. Only cadmium showed lesser accumula- tion in BSC worms than in BMB worms. An ear- lier field study conducted at these same stations with Mya arenaria clams had also shown bivalves from the BSC site to be significantly impaired as revealed by, for example, a lower condition factor (weight to length ratio), a lower gonado-somatic index and decreased pro- duction of vitellin-like proteins as compared to BMB clams.[4] In addition, as polychaetes are an important component of the diet of many aquat- ic organisms and shorebirds, these tissue metal data suggest that the potential for trophic trans- fer of metals exists in this area.
While the higher metallic accumulation in BSC worms probably incur some of the growth- inhibiting effects observed, it also suggests that Nereis sp. are likely exposed to higher con- centrations of several metals stemming from as yet unidentified sources, accumulated from their sediment and/or water column environ- ments. Indeed, polychaetes have long been rec- ognized as good bio-accumulators of various metals.[5,6,7] Although we have only quantified the metals in the worms’ tissues, it is reasonable to assume that the native organisms at BSC were chronically exposed to a range of both inorganic and organic compounds from the mixed anthropogenic inputs (municipal waste- water, boat traffic, etc.) in this area. For exam- ple, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are known to be prevalent in Saguenay Fjord sedi- ment and their uptake has been documented in some benthic animals including Nereis sp.[8] It is thus plausible that (in)organic interactive effects may be at play at BSC in perturbing polychaete growth and possibly other physio- logical functions. Future studies at this site, as well as in other intertidal areas of the Saguenay Fjord, are warranted with these ben- thic animals, especially when considering that several categories of biomarkers can be employed to measure multiple effects resulting from their exposure to different classes of con- taminants.3 Moreover, additional studies with worms could prove helpful in demonstrating exposure impacts in Saguenay Fjord areas across multiple phyla (e.g., in comparison with Mya arenaria bivalves) that may reveal a broader contamination problem present in this aquatic ecosystem.

Funding

this work was funded by the St- Lawrence River Action Plan of Environment Canada relating to impacts of urban pollution on aquatic ecosystems.

References

  1. Gagné F, Blaise C, Pellerin J, Fournier M. Etudes de biomarqueurs chez la mye com- mune (Mya arenaria) du fjord du Saguenay: bilan de recherches (1997 à 2006)/Biomarker studies of the soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) in the Saguenay Fjord: research results (1997-2006). Rev Sci Eau 2008, 22, 253–259. [Google Scholar]
  2. Mouneyrac C, Perrein-Ettajani H, Amiard- Triquet C. Influence of anthropogenic stress on fitness and behaviour of a key- species of estuarine ecosystems, the rag- worm Nereis diversicolor. Environ Pollut 2010, 158, 121–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Amiard-Triquet C, Mouneyrac C, Berthet B. Polychaetes in ecotoxicology. In: Férard JF and Blaise C, eds. Encyclopedia of aquatic ecotoxicology. Vol. I-II. Dordrecht: Springer Publishers; 2013.
  4. Gagné F, Blaise C, Pellerin J, Pelletier E, Douville M, Gauthier-Clerc S, Viglino L. Sex alteration in soft-shell clams (Myaarenaria) observed in an intertidal zone of the Saint-Lawrence River (Quebec, Canada). Comparat Biochem Physiol C 2003, 134, 189–198.
  5. Bryan GW, Langston WJ, Hummerstone LG. The use of biological indicators of heavy metal contamination in estuaries. Marine Biological Association UK, Occ. Publ. n°1; 1980. pp 73.
  6. Muhaya, BBM, Leermakers, M, Baeyens, W. Total mercury and methylmercury in sediments and in the polychaete Nereis diversicolor at Groot Buitenschoor (Scheldt estuary, Belgium). Water Air Soil Pollut 1997, 94, 109–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Berthet B, Mouneyrac C, Amiard JC, Amiard-Triquet C, Berthelot Y, Le Hen A, et al. Accumulation and soluble binding of cadmium, copper, and zinc in the poly- chaete Hediste diversicolor from coastal sites with different trace metal bioavail- abilities. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2003, 45, 468–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Pelletier E, Desbiens I, Sargian P, Côté N, Curtosi A, St-Louis R. Présence des hydro- carbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) dans les compartiments biotiques et abio- tiques de la rivière et du fjord du Saguenay. Rev Sci Eau 2009, 22, 235–251. [Google Scholar]
Figure 1. Saguenay Fjord showing the locations of Nereis sp. col- lection sites. BSC, Baie Ste-Catherine (pollution-impacted site); BMB, Baie du Moulin à Baude (reference site).
Figure 1. Saguenay Fjord showing the locations of Nereis sp. col- lection sites. BSC, Baie Ste-Catherine (pollution-impacted site); BMB, Baie du Moulin à Baude (reference site).
Jox 03 s1e1 g001
Figure 2. Comparative wet weights of Nereis sp. worms collected at Baie Ste-Catherine (BSC) and Baie du Moulin à Baude (BMB) during the October 2008 survey.
Figure 2. Comparative wet weights of Nereis sp. worms collected at Baie Ste-Catherine (BSC) and Baie du Moulin à Baude (BMB) during the October 2008 survey.
Jox 03 s1e1 g002
Table 1. Polychaete tissue levels for metals that proved significantly different (P<0.05) between the Baie Ste-Catherine and Baie du Moulin à Baude sites.
Table 1. Polychaete tissue levels for metals that proved significantly different (P<0.05) between the Baie Ste-Catherine and Baie du Moulin à Baude sites.
Jox 03 s1e1 g003
*Overall, total metals analyzed were the following: Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, La, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, Tl, U, V, Zn. BSC, Baie Ste-Catherine; BMB, Baie du Moulin à Baude.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Blaise, C.; Gagné, F.; Gillis, P.L.; Eullaffroy, P. Polychaetes as Bioindicators of Water Quality in the Saguenay Fjord (Quebec, Canada): A Preliminary Investigation. J. Xenobiot. 2013, 3, s1e1. https://doi.org/10.4081/xeno.2013.s1.e1

AMA Style

Blaise C, Gagné F, Gillis PL, Eullaffroy P. Polychaetes as Bioindicators of Water Quality in the Saguenay Fjord (Quebec, Canada): A Preliminary Investigation. Journal of Xenobiotics. 2013; 3(s1):s1e1. https://doi.org/10.4081/xeno.2013.s1.e1

Chicago/Turabian Style

Blaise, C., F. Gagné, P.L. Gillis, and P. Eullaffroy. 2013. "Polychaetes as Bioindicators of Water Quality in the Saguenay Fjord (Quebec, Canada): A Preliminary Investigation" Journal of Xenobiotics 3, no. s1: s1e1. https://doi.org/10.4081/xeno.2013.s1.e1

APA Style

Blaise, C., Gagné, F., Gillis, P. L., & Eullaffroy, P. (2013). Polychaetes as Bioindicators of Water Quality in the Saguenay Fjord (Quebec, Canada): A Preliminary Investigation. Journal of Xenobiotics, 3(s1), s1e1. https://doi.org/10.4081/xeno.2013.s1.e1

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop