Perceptions of Carriership of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Bacteria: A Qualitative Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting and Sample
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Changed Behaviors and Sentiments
3.1.1. Healthcare Contacts Constitute a Reminder of Carriership
“Those who have come in look like they are from another planet, they ask ‘What’s wrong now then?’ Yes, then they have said those resistant things…. Then they changed their mind (laughter), well, I don’t know, maybe they have bad information about how to handle things”(Informant 7).
3.1.2. The Carriership Changed Social Life
“So, I have stayed away from…uh… parties and things like that. It has maybe only been after three or four years that I have tried to do anything and then, no, but I stopped drinking too. I quit all alcohol, coffee, spicy food, drinking…yes…all the fun things in life”(Informant 9).
3.1.3. Dealing with the Burden of Carriership and Its Emotional Influence
“It’s in the back of my mind that the antibiotics might not work, that’s what I’m afraid of…//…it’s like life…one of the lifelines so to speak when you get sick”(Informant 3).
“You are reminded all the time… that is so hard but… it’s mostly at home or if you’re going somewhere… if you go to someone’s place… then you’re also, it causes stress somehow, they don’t have hand sanitizer to the extent that you have at home… so things become very difficult”(Informant 16).
3.1.4. Making the Decision about Disclosure
“I’ve been very selective about who I have told, so only the immediate family… that is, the nuclear family…//… and then some friends whom I trust 100 percent”(Informant 14).
3.2. Inadequate Information Provision
3.2.1. Lack of Information
”…then I wanted to have a conversation with a doctor to get more information myself… We got to talk, but I didn’t know any more after we had finished talking”(Informant 23).
3.2.2. Ambiguity of Lifelong Carriership
“I actually got an information sheet where it talked a little bit about it, but then you Googled it yourself, you did it in the beginning before you really knew what it was… Actually, I’m really not fully aware now either … from the health care providers, there was really only one … yes, a folder, with… I think it’s something standardized that you actually send out”(Informant 22).
4. Discussion
Methodological Considerations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Public Involvement Statement
Guidelines and Standards Statement
Use of Artificial Intelligence
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Informant Characteristics | N = 24 |
---|---|
Gender (number) | |
Women | 14 |
Men | 10 |
Awareness (number) | |
Knowledge of carriage at the time of interview | 17 |
No knowledge of carriage at the time of interview | 7 |
Civil status (number) | |
Partner or married | 18 |
Single | 6 |
Work situation (number) | |
Retired or disability retirement | 7 |
Student | 1 |
Employed | 15 |
Unemployed | 1 |
Education (number) | |
Elementary school | 2 |
Upper secondary school | 15 |
University | 7 |
Min–Max | |
Age (years) | 19–72 |
Theme | Category | Subcategory |
---|---|---|
Living with uncertainty about carriership that impacts oneself and others | Changed behaviors and sentiments | Healthcare contacts constitute a reminder of carriership |
The carriership changed social life | ||
Dealing with the burden of carriership and its emotional influence | ||
Making the decision about disclosure | ||
Inadequate information provision | Lack of information | |
Ambiguity of lifelong carriership |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Uggla, K.; Razmi, R.; Järhult, J.D.; Lindberg, M. Perceptions of Carriership of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Bacteria: A Qualitative Study. Nurs. Rep. 2024, 14, 1819-1827. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14030135
Uggla K, Razmi R, Järhult JD, Lindberg M. Perceptions of Carriership of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Bacteria: A Qualitative Study. Nursing Reports. 2024; 14(3):1819-1827. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14030135
Chicago/Turabian StyleUggla, Karin, Robin Razmi, Josef D. Järhult, and Maria Lindberg. 2024. "Perceptions of Carriership of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Bacteria: A Qualitative Study" Nursing Reports 14, no. 3: 1819-1827. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14030135
APA StyleUggla, K., Razmi, R., Järhult, J. D., & Lindberg, M. (2024). Perceptions of Carriership of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Bacteria: A Qualitative Study. Nursing Reports, 14(3), 1819-1827. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14030135