The Mediating Effect of Insecure Adult Attachment on the Relationship between Smartphone Addiction and Self-Directed Learning in University Students
Abstract
1. Introduction
Background and Necessity of the Study
2. Research Aims
3. Methods
Research Participants
4. Research Tools
4.1. Smartphone Addiction
4.2. Insecure Adult Attachment
4.3. Self-Directed Learning Skills
4.4. Data Collection Method and Ethical Considerations
5. Data Analysis
6. Results
6.1. General Characteristics of the Participants
6.2. Participants’ Smartphone Addiction, Insecure Adult Attachment, and Self-Directed Learning Ability
6.3. Correlations between Smartphone Addiction, Insecure Adult Attachment, and Self-Directed Learning Ability
6.4. The Mediating Effect of Insecure Adult Attachment on Smartphone Addiction and Self-Directed Learning Ability
7. Discussion
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Category | n (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 75 (31.9) |
Female | 160 (68.1) | |
Major | Health studies | 98 (41.7) |
Humanities and social science | 61 (26.0) | |
Natural science | 12 (5.1) | |
Engineering | 40 (17.0) | |
Arts and sports | 24 (10.2) | |
Year | 1st | 52 (22.1) |
2nd | 55 (23.4) | |
3rd | 112 (47.7) | |
4th | 16 (6.8) | |
Average grade | A or higher | 38 (16.2) |
B | 157 (66.8) | |
C or lower | 40 (17.0) | |
Average daily smartphone use | 4 h or less | 83 (35.3) |
4–7 h | 139 (59.1) | |
8 h or more | 13 (5.5) | |
Daily average study time | 2 h or less | 49 (20.9) |
2–4 h | 100 (42.6) | |
4 h or more | 86(36.5) | |
Reason for choosing the major | Aptitude and interest | 127 (54.0) |
Better chance of getting a job | 58 (24.7) | |
Encouraged by parents and others | 17 (7.2) | |
Based on grade | 17 (7.2) | |
Valuable job | 16 (6.8) | |
Main smartphone function | Social network, text messaging | 177 (75.3) |
Music, movies, games | 29 (12.3) | |
Information use on Internet | 29 (12.3) | |
How important is your smartphone? | Important | 180 (76.6) |
Neutral | 55 (23.4) | |
Not important | 0 (0.0) | |
Are you addicted to smartphones? | Yes | 102 (43.4) |
No | 133 (56.6) |
Variables | Mean (SD a) | Smartphone Addiction r (p-Value) | Adult Attachment r (p-Value) | Attachment Anxiety R (p-Value) | Attachment Avoidance r (p-Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smartphone Addiction | 2.52 (0.63) | -- | |||
Adult Attachment | 2.78 (0.28) | 0.47 (<0.001) | -- | ||
Attachment Anxiety | 2.64 (0.47) | 0.46 (<0.001) | 0.84 (<0.001) | -- | |
Attachment Avoidance | 2.94 (0.30) | 0.09 (0.189) | 0.42 (<0.001) | −0.12 (0.064) | -- |
Self-Directed Learning | 3.37 (0.31) | −0.34 (<0.001) | −0.33 (<0.001) | −0.39 (<0.001) | 0.06 (0.40) |
Stage | Adult Attachment | Self-Directed Learning | R2 | Adj R2 | F | p | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bb | SE | β | t | p | B | SE | β | t | p | |||||
1. Smartphone addiction → Adult attachment | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.46 | 8.00 | <0.001 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 63.92 | <0.001 | |||||
2. Smartphone addiction → Self-directed learning | −0.17 | 0.03 | −0.34 | −5.56 | <0.001 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 30.88 | <0.001 | |||||
3. Smartphone addiction, Adult attachment →Self-directed learning | −0.12 −0.25 | 0.03 0.08 | −0.24 −0.22 | −3.49 −3.23 | 0.001 0.001 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 21.28 | <0.001 |
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Park, I.; Kim, S.; Suh, Y. The Mediating Effect of Insecure Adult Attachment on the Relationship between Smartphone Addiction and Self-Directed Learning in University Students. Nurs. Rep. 2020, 10, 124-134. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep10020016
Park I, Kim S, Suh Y. The Mediating Effect of Insecure Adult Attachment on the Relationship between Smartphone Addiction and Self-Directed Learning in University Students. Nursing Reports. 2020; 10(2):124-134. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep10020016
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Inhee, Sinhyang Kim, and Yeonok Suh. 2020. "The Mediating Effect of Insecure Adult Attachment on the Relationship between Smartphone Addiction and Self-Directed Learning in University Students" Nursing Reports 10, no. 2: 124-134. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep10020016
APA StylePark, I., Kim, S., & Suh, Y. (2020). The Mediating Effect of Insecure Adult Attachment on the Relationship between Smartphone Addiction and Self-Directed Learning in University Students. Nursing Reports, 10(2), 124-134. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep10020016