Relative Age Effect in Physical Fitness during the Elementary School Years
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Quartile 1 N (% Boys) | Quartile 2 N (% Boys) | Quartile 3 N (% Boys) | Quartile 4 N (% Boys) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
6–7 years | 9 (55.6%) | 49 (57.1%) | 111 (50.5%) | 183 (59.0%) |
7–8 years | 389 (51.4 %) | 1128 (46.6%) | 1850 (48.7%) | 2508 (49.9%) |
8–9 years | 2653 (49.3%) | 2242 (50.7%) | 1820 (52.6%) | 1441 (53.7%) |
9–10 years | 1233 (53.0%) | 900 (56.8%) | 600 (54.5%) | 411 (59.9%) |
10–11 years | 259 (54.4%) | 217 (48.4%) | 108 (50.0%) | 57 (64.9%) |
Total Sample | 4543 (50.8%) | 4536 (50.9%) | 4489 (51.1%) | 4600 (52.5%) |
Age | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | TOTAL | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6–7 years | Height (cm) | 121.3 ± 7.3 | 121.4 ± 5.8 | 122.0 ± 5.0 | 123.6 ± 5.1 | 122.7 ± 5.3 |
Weight (kg) | 23.4 ± 5.7 | 23.9 ± 4.9 | 24.2 ± 4.5 | 24.5 ± 4.5 | 24.3 ±4.6 | |
BMIPCT | 48.3 ± 31.7 | 54.2 ± 25.6 | 53.5 ± 30.4 | 49.3 ± 30.4 | 51.3 ±29.8 | |
7–8 years | Height (cm) 1 | 125.7 ± 5.6 | 126.8 ± 5.4 | 128.4 ± 5.4 | 130.0 ± 5.5 | 128.6 ± 5.7 |
Weight (kg) 1 | 25.7 ± 5.2 | 26.3 ± 5.3 | 27.0 ± 5.1 | 28.1 ± 5.5 | 27.2 ± 5.4 | |
BMIPCT | 50.6 ± 28.5 | 50.0 ± 28.7 | 50.4 ± 28.5 | 51.4 ± 29.0 | 50.8 ± 28.7 | |
8–9 years | Height (cm) 1 | 130.9 ± 5.6 | 132.0 ± 5.6 | 133.4 ± 5.8 | 134.7 ± 6.2 | 132.5 ± 5.9 |
Weight (kg) 1 | 28.6 ± 5.9 | 29.4 ± 6.2 | 30.5 ± 6.6 | 31.7 ± 7.5 | 29.8 ± 6.6 | |
BMIPCT 1 | 50.3 ± 29.3 | 51.3 ± 29.3 | 52.5 ± 30.2 | 53.5 ± 30.2 | 51.6 ± 29.7 | |
9–10 years | Height (cm) 1 | 136.0 ± 6.2 | 137.2 ± 6.4 | 138.8 ± 6.5 | 139.7 ± 6.5 | 137.4 ± 6.5 |
Weight (kg) 1 | 32.5 ± 7.7 | 33.4 ± 8.0 | 34.4 ± 8.2 | 36.1 ± 9.1 | 33.6 ± 8.2 | |
BMIPCT 1 | 53.1 ± 31.0 | 53.6 ± 31.2 | 53.4 ± 31.4 | 58.0 ± 31.2 | 53.9 ± 31.2 | |
10–11 years | Height (cm) 1 | 141.0 ± 6.3 | 142.1 ± 6.5 | 143.8 ± 6.8 | 144.3 ± 6.7 | 142.1 ±6.6 |
Weight (kg) 1 | 36.4 ± 9.4 | 36.7 ± 8.4 | 38.7 ± 9.0 | 39.2 ± 11.7 | 37.1 ± 9.3 | |
BMIPCT | 53.6 ± 32.0 | 53.4 ± 31.5 | 55.1 ± 32.1 | 53.7 ± 32.4 | 53.8 ± 31.8 |
Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | TOTAL | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6–7 years | 6 Min Run (m) | 880 ± 129 | 920 ± 136 | 919 ± 127 | 946 ± 124 | 933 ± 127 |
Ball Push (cm) 1 | 246 ± 49 | 249 ± 45 | 291 ± 47 | 291 ± 0.6 | 284 ± 57 | |
Vertical Jump (cm) | 17.4 ± 5.2 | 17.0 ± 2.9 | 17.7 ± 3.3 | 17.4 ± 3.3 | 17.4 ± 3.3 | |
Sprint (sec) 1 | 2.57 ± 0.28 | 2.50 ± 0.16 | 2.39 ± 0.15 | 2.40 ± 0.18 | 2.42 ± 0.17 | |
Tapping (contacts) 2 | 32.8 ± 8.7 | 38.0 ± 5.1 | 40.9 ± 7.4 | 41.0 ± 7.0 | 40.4 ± 7.0 | |
Agility (sec) 1 | 25.8 ± 7.4 | 24.4 ± 4.0 | 21.9 ± 3.3 | 22.5 ± 4.1 | 22.7 ± 4.1 | |
Stand-Reach (cm) * | 2.8 ± 7.1 | 0.3 ± 5.6 | 1.8 ± 5.5 | 1.3 ± 5.2 | 1.4 ± 5.4 | |
Throw & Catch (#) | 3.8 ± 6.9 | 4.6 ± 4.4 | 7.1 ± 5.9 | 7.6 ± 6.3 | 7.0 ± 6.0 | |
7–8 years | 6 Min Run (m) 2 | 966 ± 129 | 1002 ± 127 | 1004 ± 120 | 1015 ± 130 | 1006 ± 127 |
Ball Push (cm) 2 | 316 ± 51 | 329 ± 54 | 338 ± 57 | 355 ± 59 | 342 ± 58 | |
Vertical Jump (cm) 2 | 18.5 ± 3.3 | 19.4 ± 3.3 | 19.7 ± 3.4 | 20.0 ± 3.6 | 19.7 ± 3.5 | |
Sprint (sec) 2 | 2.34 ± 0.16 | 2.30 ± 0.15 | 2.28 ± 0.15 | 2.27 ± 0.16 | 2.28 ± 0.16 | |
Tapping (contacts) 2 | 42.8 ± 6.4 | 44.0 ± 6.3 | 45.0 ± 6.4 | 46.0 ± 6.5 | 45.1 ± 6.5 | |
Agility (sec) 2 | 20.7 ± 3.2 | 20.2 ± 3.0 | 19.9 ± 3.2 | 19.7 ± 3.4 | 19.9 ± 3.3 | |
Stand-Reach (cm) * | 1.0 ± 6.0 | 1.2 ± 5.7 | 0.9 ± 5.5 | 0.6 ± 6.2 | 0.8 ± 5.9 | |
Throw & Catch (#) 2 | 10.7 ± 6.0 | 12.9 ± 69 | 13.5 ± 6.5 | 15.8 ± 6.4 | 14.2 ± 6.7 | |
8–9 years | 6 Min Run (m) | 1022 ± 138 | 1023 ± 132 | 1021 ± 131 | 1015 ± 144 | 1021 ± 136 |
Ball Push (cm) 2 | 361 ± 60 | 372 ± 62 | 384 ± 65 | 395 ± 69 | 376 ± 65 | |
Vertical Jump (cm) 1 | 20.3 ± 3.8 | 20.4 ± 3.8 | 20.8 ± 3.9 | 20.7 ± 3.9 | 20.5 ± 3.9 | |
Sprint (sec) 2 | 2.25 ± 0.16 | 2.24 ± 0.16 | 2.23 ± 0.17 | 2.23 ± 0.16 | 2.24 ± 0.16 | |
Tapping (contacts) 2 | 46.5 ± 6.4 | 47.0 ± 6.9 | 47.6 ± 7.3 | 47.4 ± 7.3 | 47.0 ± 6.9 | |
Agility (sec) | 19.5 ± 3.5 | 19.2 ± 3.2 | 19.3 ± 3.8 | 19.6 ± 4.0 | 19.4 ± 3.6 | |
Stand-Reach (cm) *,1 | 0.3 ± 6.1 | 0.4 ± 6.3 | 0.0 ± 6.4 | −0.2 ± 6.8 | 0.1 ± 6.4 | |
Throw & Catch (#) 2 | 16.6 ± 6.5 | 17.4 ± 6.6 | 18.7 ± 6.6 | 19.2 ± 6.6 | 17.8 ± 6.7 | |
9–10 years | 6 Min Run (m) | 1012 ± 154 | 1024 ± 158 | 1028 ± 156 | 1017 ± 145 | 1019 ± 154 |
Ball Push (cm) 2 | 404 ± 91 | 413 ± 70 | 434 ± 71 | 440 ± 66 | 417 ± 80 | |
Vertical Jump (cm) 2 | 20.8 ± 4.3 | 21.4 ± 4.5 | 21.5 ± 4.1 | 21.6 ± 4.4 | 21.2 ± 4.3 | |
Sprint (sec) 1 | 2.22 ± 0.17 | 2.20 ± 0.17 | 2.19 ± 0.16 | 2.20 ± 0.18 | 2.21 ± 0.17 | |
Tapping (contacts) 2 | 48.0 ± 7.3 | 49.5 ± 7.3 | 50.5 ± 7.0 | 50.1 ± 7.8 | 49.2 ± 7.4 | |
Agility (sec) | 19.1 ± 4.1 | 18.8 ± 3.9 | 18.7 ± 4.0 | 18.9 ± 4.2 | 18.9 ± 4.0 | |
Stand-Reach (cm) * | −0.8 ± 6.7 | −1.3 ± 7.0 | −1.1 ± 7.2 | −0.5 ± 6.9 | −1.0 ± 7.0 | |
Throw & Catch (#) 2 | 20.0 ± 6.7 | 21.5 ± 6.5 | 22.5 ± 6.3 | 23.1 ± 6.3 | 21.3 ± 6.6 | |
10–11 years | 6 Min Run (m) | 1009 ± 161 | 1039 ± 152 | 1028 ± 148 | 1050 ± 144 | 1026 ± 155 |
Ball Push (cm) 1 | 444 ± 73 | 472 ± 81 | 464 ± 99 | 480 ± 84 | 460 ± 82 | |
Vertical Jump (cm) 1 | 21.8 ± 4.6 | 21.9 ± 4.1 | 22.0 ± 4.9 | 23.8 ± 5.0 | 22.1 ± 4.6 | |
Sprint (sec) 1 | 2.19 ± 0.19 | 2.16 ± 0.17 | 2.17 ± 0.17 | 2.12 ± 0.15 | 2.17 ± 0.18 | |
Tapping (contacts) | 50.5 ± 8.7 | 51.8 ± 7.9 | 49.9 ± 9.0 | 50.7 ± 10.2 | 50.8 ± 8.7 | |
Agility (sec) | 18.6 ± 3.5 | 18.1 ± 4.2 | 18.4 ± 4.1 | 17.3 ± 3.5 | 18.3 ± 3.8 | |
Stand-Reach (cm) * | −1.9 ± 7.4 | −0.9 ± 7.6 | −1.9 ± 6.3 | −1.2 ± 7.9 | −1.5 ± 7.3 | |
Throw & Catch (#) 1 | 22.7 ± 7.3 | 25.2 ± 6.7 | 24.2 ± 7.4 | 25.9 ± 6.4 | 24.1 ± 7.1 |
Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | TOTAL | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6–7 years | 6 Min Run (m) | 878 ± 91.8 | 887 ± 109 | 891 ± 124 | 924 ± 111 | 906 ± 115 |
Ball Push (cm) | 245 ± 29 | 246 ± 36 | 251 ± 43 | 252 ± 46 | 251 ± 43 | |
Vertical Jump (cm) 1 | 14.8 ± 2.5 | 16.2 ± 2.4 | 17.2 ± 3.5 | 17.9 ± 3.1 | 17.4 ± 3.2 | |
Sprint (sec) | 2.47 ± 0.08 | 2.54 ± 0.17 | 2.46 ± 0.16 | 2.41 ± 0.16 | 2.45 ± 0.17 | |
Tapping (contacts) | 32.0 ± 5.4 | 34.8 ± 5.4 | 38.2 ± 7.0 | 38.1 ± 740 | 37.5 ± 7.1 | |
Agility (sec) | 24.0 ± 2.6 | 24.6 ± 4.7 | 22.6 ± 3.2 | 22.3 ± 3.2 | 22.8 ± 3.5 | |
Stand-Reach (cm) *,1 | −0.8 ± 9.0 | 0.5 ± 6.2 | 3.8 ± 5.3 | 4.6 ± 6.9 | 3.6 ± 6.4 | |
Throw & Catch (#) 1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 1.9 | 4.6 ± 5.1 | 4.2 ± 4.7 | 3.9 ± 4.6 | |
7–8 years | 6 Min Run (m) 2 | 916 ± 113 | 923 ± 117 | 934 ± 114 | 946 ± 117 | 936 ± 116 |
Ball Push (cm) 2 | 268 ± 49 | 283 ± 50 | 298 ± 53 | 306 ± 51 | 296 ± 53 | |
Vertical Jump (cm) 2 | 18.1 ± 3.2 | 18.4 ± 3.3 | 18.8 ± 3.2 | 19.1 ± 3.4 | 18.8 ± 3.3 | |
Sprint (sec) 2 | 2.42 ± 0.18 | 2.38 ± 0.16 | 2.34 ± 0.16 | 2.32 ± 0.15 | 2.35 ± 0.16 | |
Tapping (contacts) 2 | 39.2 ± 6.7 | 40.1 ± 6.4 | 41.0 ± 6.5 | 42.1 ± 6.5 | 41.1 ± 6.6 | |
Agility (sec) 2 | 22.0 ± 3.6 | 21.4 ± 3.1 | 20.9 ± 3.1 | 20.7 ± 3.3 | 21.0 ± 3.2 | |
Stand-Reach (cm) * | 3.4 ± 5.5 | 3.9 ± 6.2 | 4.0 ± 6.2 | 3.5 ± 6.3 | 3.7 ± 6.2 | |
Throw & Catch (#) 2 | 6.2 ± 5.9 | 7.6 ± 5.7 | 9.2 ± 6.1 | 10.5 ± 6.3 | 9.3 ± 6.2 | |
8–9 years | 6 Min Run (m) | 949 ± 116 | 954 ± 120 | 952 ± 120 | 955 ± 127 | 952 ± 129 |
Ball Push (cm) 2 | 316 ± 54 | 326 ± 55 | 337 ± 59 | 346 ± 60 | 328 ± 58 | |
Vertical Jump (cm) 2 | 19.2 ± 3.4 | 19.5 ± 3.6 | 19.6 ± 3.7 | 19.8 ± 3.8 | 19.5 ± 3.6 | |
Sprint (sec) 2 | 2.31 ± 0.16 | 2.30 ± 0.16 | 2.29 ± 0.18 | 2.29 ± 0.18 | 2.30 ± 0.17 | |
Tapping (contacts) 2 | 42.9 ± 6.9 | 43.2 ± 6.9 | 43.9 ± 7.4 | 44.5 ± 7.5 | 43.4 ± 7.2 | |
Agility (sec) 1 | 20.5 ± 3.2 | 20.3 ± 3.4 | 20.3 ± 3.7 | 20.2 ± 3.8 | 20.3 ± 3.5 | |
Stand-Reach (cm) * | 3.7 ± 6.5 | 3.2 ± 6.4 | 3.2 ± 6.6 | 3.2 ± 6.6 | 3.4 ± 6.5 | |
Throw & Catch (#) 2 | 12.0 ± 6.3 | 13.4 ± 6.2 | 14.5 ± 6.6 | 15.8 ± 6.7 | 13.6 ± 6.5 | |
9–10 years | 6 Min Run (m) | 957 ± 122 | 973 ± 117 | 980 ± 127 | 951 ± 129 | 965 ± 123 |
Ball Push (cm) 2 | 357 ± 63 | 373 ± 64 | 383 ± 70 | 382 ± 71 | 370 ± 66 | |
Vertical Jump (cm) | 19.8 ± 4.0 | 20.4 ± 4.0 | 20.3 ± 4.2 | 19.8 ± 4.0 | 20.1 ± 4.0 | |
Sprint (sec) | 2.28 ± 0.16 | 2.25 ± 0.16 | 2.24 ± 0.16 | 2.28 ± 0.18 | 2.26 ± 0.16 | |
Tapping (contacts) | 44.5 ± 8.0 | 46.2 ± 7.3 | 46.7 ± 8.0 | 45.2 ± 8.3 | 45.5 ± 7.9 | |
Agility (sec) | 19.9 ± 3.6 | 19.6 ± 3.9 | 19.4 ± 3.2 | 20.3 ± 3.9 | 19.8 ± 3.7 | |
Stand-Reach (cm) *,1 | 2.6 ± 6.8 | 2.9 ± 7.2 | 2.1 ± 7.0 | 1.4 ± 7.0 | 2.5 ± 7.0 | |
Throw & Catch (#) 2 | 16.9 ± 6.6 | 18.4 ± 6.6 | 19.4 ± 6.3 | 19.4 ± 6.6 | 18.1 ± 6.6 | |
10–11 years | 6 Min Run (m) | 978 ± 151 | 980 ± 137 | 1002 ± 136 | 963 ± 131 | 982 ± 142 |
Ball Push (cm) 2 | 402 ± 62 | 406 ± 73 | 430 ± 66 | 466 ± 84 | 413 ± 70 | |
Vertical Jump (cm) 1 | 20.8 ± 4.6 | 20.8 ± 4.4 | 22.1 ± 4.8 | 22.6 ± 5.2 | 21.2 ± 4.6 | |
Sprint (sec) | 2.23 ± 0.16 | 2.23 ± 0.19 | 2.19 ± 0.16 | 2.16 ± 0.17 | 2.22 ± 0.19 | |
Tapping (contacts) | 47.6 ± 8.3 | 47.8 ± 8.7 | 49.3 ± 8.4 | 47.2 ± 7.1 | 48.0 ± 8.4 | |
Agility (sec) | 19.7 ± 5.4 | 19.5 ± 4.5 | 18.4 ± 3.2 | 18.9 ± 3.0 | 19.4 ± 4.6 | |
Stand-Reach (cm) *,1 | 1.3 ± 6.4 | 2.5 ± 6.5 | 3.7 ± 6.4 | 4.7 ± 7.0 | 2.4 ± 6.5 | |
Throw & Catch (#) 2 | 20.7 ± 6.2 | 21.0 ± 6.5 | 23.4 ± 25.8 | 25.8 ± 4.6 | 21.7 ± 6.3 |
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Drenowatz, C.; Ferrari, G.; Greier, K.; Hinterkörner, F. Relative Age Effect in Physical Fitness during the Elementary School Years. Pediatr. Rep. 2021, 13, 322-333. https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric13020040
Drenowatz C, Ferrari G, Greier K, Hinterkörner F. Relative Age Effect in Physical Fitness during the Elementary School Years. Pediatric Reports. 2021; 13(2):322-333. https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric13020040
Chicago/Turabian StyleDrenowatz, Clemens, Gerson Ferrari, Klaus Greier, and Franz Hinterkörner. 2021. "Relative Age Effect in Physical Fitness during the Elementary School Years" Pediatric Reports 13, no. 2: 322-333. https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric13020040
APA StyleDrenowatz, C., Ferrari, G., Greier, K., & Hinterkörner, F. (2021). Relative Age Effect in Physical Fitness during the Elementary School Years. Pediatric Reports, 13(2), 322-333. https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric13020040