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Microbiology Research
Volume 16
Issue 2
10.3390/microbiolres16020040
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Article

Transcriptomic Response of Balamuthia mandrillaris to Lippia graveolens Extract Fractions

by
Leobardo Daniel Gonzalez-Zuñiga
1,
Jose Reyes Gonzalez-Galaviz
2,
Abraham Cruz-Mendívil
3,
Fernando Lares Villa
4,
Erick Paul Gutiérrez-Grijalva
5,
Jaime López-Cervantes
6,
Dalia I. Sánchez-Machado
6,
Luis Fernando Lares-Jiménez
4 and
Libia Zulema Rodriguez-Anaya
2,*
1
Doctorate Program in Sciences Specialty in Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón 85000, Sonora, Mexico
2
Investigadoras e Investigadores por México-Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón 85000, Sonora, Mexico
3
Investigadoras e Investigadores por México-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación Para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Sinaloa, Guasave 81000, Sinaloa, Mexico
4
Departamet of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón 85000, Sonora, Mexico
5
Investigadoras e Investigadores por México-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, AC., Culiacán 85480, Sinaloa, Mexico
6
Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón 85000, Sonora, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16020040
Submission received: 17 January 2025 / Revised: 31 January 2025 / Accepted: 4 February 2025 / Published: 6 February 2025
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Abstract

Balamuthia mandrillaris is a free-living amoeba pathogenic to humans, causing amoebic granulomatous encephalitis (GAE). Due to the associated mortality rates of <95%, the absence of treatments, and a clear understanding of the pathogenesis of this amoeba, Lippia graveolens could be an interesting alternative since it has been used against bacteria, fungi, and other pathogenic protozoa. This study employed RNA sequencing to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs), following treatment with two fractionated L. graveolens extracts (concentration: 150 µg/mL) at 48, 96, and 120 h. The DEGs identified are associated with several functions such as stress responses (Prohibitin domain-containing protein), and oxidative damage repair and cell stability (Peroxiredoxin). Genes implicated in virulence and host interaction also showed significant expression changes, such as the ADP ribosylation factor (Arf) GTPase and ephrin type-A receptor, alongside transcription factors involved in the phagocytosis of amoebas. Additionally, the analysis of Gene Ontology categories revealed terms including transmembrane signaling receptor and protein tyrosine activity, DNA replication initiation, the mitotic M phase, and membrane integrity. These results provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms utilized by B. mandrillaris to respond to environmental stressors and the repression of genes related to essential functions, which could serve as potential targets for developing novel strategies.
Keywords: differentially expressed genes; stress response; virulence factor; RNA-Seq; Gene Ontology categories differentially expressed genes; stress response; virulence factor; RNA-Seq; Gene Ontology categories

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gonzalez-Zuñiga, L.D.; Gonzalez-Galaviz, J.R.; Cruz-Mendívil, A.; Lares Villa, F.; Gutiérrez-Grijalva, E.P.; López-Cervantes, J.; Sánchez-Machado, D.I.; Lares-Jiménez, L.F.; Rodriguez-Anaya, L.Z. Transcriptomic Response of Balamuthia mandrillaris to Lippia graveolens Extract Fractions. Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16, 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16020040

AMA Style

Gonzalez-Zuñiga LD, Gonzalez-Galaviz JR, Cruz-Mendívil A, Lares Villa F, Gutiérrez-Grijalva EP, López-Cervantes J, Sánchez-Machado DI, Lares-Jiménez LF, Rodriguez-Anaya LZ. Transcriptomic Response of Balamuthia mandrillaris to Lippia graveolens Extract Fractions. Microbiology Research. 2025; 16(2):40. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16020040

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gonzalez-Zuñiga, Leobardo Daniel, Jose Reyes Gonzalez-Galaviz, Abraham Cruz-Mendívil, Fernando Lares Villa, Erick Paul Gutiérrez-Grijalva, Jaime López-Cervantes, Dalia I. Sánchez-Machado, Luis Fernando Lares-Jiménez, and Libia Zulema Rodriguez-Anaya. 2025. "Transcriptomic Response of Balamuthia mandrillaris to Lippia graveolens Extract Fractions" Microbiology Research 16, no. 2: 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16020040

APA Style

Gonzalez-Zuñiga, L. D., Gonzalez-Galaviz, J. R., Cruz-Mendívil, A., Lares Villa, F., Gutiérrez-Grijalva, E. P., López-Cervantes, J., Sánchez-Machado, D. I., Lares-Jiménez, L. F., & Rodriguez-Anaya, L. Z. (2025). Transcriptomic Response of Balamuthia mandrillaris to Lippia graveolens Extract Fractions. Microbiology Research, 16(2), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16020040

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