Soil Bacterial Community Diversity and Composition as Affected by Tillage Intensity Treatments in Corn-Soybean Production Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description and Experimental Design
2.2. Soil Sampling and Characterization
2.3. Soil Basal Respiration and Substrate Induced Respiration Rate
2.4. DNA Extraction and 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
2.5. Data Processing and Bioinformatics Analysis
2.6. Statistical and Multivariate Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Soil Physicochemical Properties
3.2. Residue Management
3.3. Soil Biological Properties
3.4. Sequencing Depth and Alpha Diversity
3.5. Relative Abundance of Bacterial Phyla as Affected by the Tillage Management
3.6. Beta Diversity and Microbial Community Composition
3.7. Relationships between Soil Parameters and Microbial Community Structure
3.8. Relative Contribution of Management Factors on Bacterial Community Structure
4. Discussion
4.1. Soil Characteristics as Affected by the Tillage Systems
4.2. Soil Bacterial Communities as Affected by the Tillage Systems and Carbon Inputs
4.3. Influence of Tillage Treatments on Bacterial Alpha and Beta Diversity
4.4. Strategic Tillage Recommendation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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pH | C | N | P | K | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | % | (kg ha−1) | (kg ha−1) | (kg ha−1) | ||
Verona (SCP) | ||||||
2013 * | 6.5 (0.3) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.27 (0.05) | 182 (31) | 344 (68) | 3.1 (0.4) |
2015 * | 6.3 (0.2) | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.32 (0.06) | 175 (25) | 312 (62) | 2.4 (0.5) |
Stoneville (SMRA) | ||||||
2013 | 6.5 (0.3) | 0.31 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.1) | 116 (14) | 413 (72) | 3.4 (0.4) |
2015 | 5.8 (0.6) | 0.28 (0.05) | 0.11 (0.1) | 119 (13) | 435 (12) | 2.9 (0.9) |
Tillage Intensity | Water Stable Aggregates (%) | Penetrometer Resistance (psi) | |
---|---|---|---|
Verona (SCP) | |||
2013 | Min | 54 a | 129 a |
Red | 44 a | 107 ab | |
Mod | 51 a | 103 ab | |
High | 45 a | 93 b | |
Red | 47 ab | 103 b | |
Mod | 44 b | 104 b | |
High | 43 b | 116 ab | |
Stoneville (SMRA) | |||
2013 | Min | 46 ab | 153 a |
Red | 49 a | 152 a | |
Mod | 44 ab | 148 a | |
High | 42 b | 178 a | |
2015 | Min | 56 a | 150 a |
Red | 51 a | 113 b | |
Mod | 40 b | 120 b | |
High | 39 b | 111 b |
BR | SIR | ||
---|---|---|---|
Tillage Intensity | (µg of CO2 g−1 of Soil Day−1) | (µg of CO2 g−1 of Soil Day−1) | |
Verona (SCP) | |||
2013 | Min | 32.31 a C | 33.94 ab AB |
Red | 40.66 a BC | 20.69 b C | |
Mod | 41.38 a BC | 35.03 a AB | |
High | 39.02 a BC | 32.31 ab B | |
2015 | Min | 60.80 a A | 43.02 a A |
Red | 54.09 b AB | 36.84 b AB | |
Mod | 50.28 bc AB | 29.58 d BC | |
High | 46.65 c ABC | 32.13 c B | |
Stoneville (SMRA) | |||
2013 | Min | 53.36 a BC | 42.65 a A |
Red | 42.29 a C | 34.49 a AB | |
Mod | 43.02 a C | 40.66 a A | |
High | 45.38 a C | 33.76 a AB | |
2015 | Min | 73.33 a A | 41.38 a A |
Red | 64.61 a AB | 31.94 b AB | |
Mod | 46.28 b C | 25.05 b B | |
High | 53.18 b BC | 30.13 b AB |
Tillage Intensity | Simpson (1/D) | |
---|---|---|
Verona (SCP) | ||
2013 | Min | 205 a |
Red | 189 a,b | |
Mod | 134 b | |
High | 125 b | |
2015 | Min | 216 a |
Red | 217 a | |
Mod | 141 b | |
High | 136 b | |
Stoneville (SMRA) | ||
2013 | Min | 211 a |
Red | 192 a | |
Mod | 129 b | |
High | 142 b | |
2015 | Min | 234 a |
Red | 202 a | |
Mod | 139 b | |
High | 151 b |
Tillage Intensity | Actinobacteria (%) | Proteobacteria (%) | Firmicutes (%) | Bacteroidetes (%) | Acidobacteria (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verona (SCP) | ||||||
2013 | Min | 13.21 a | 48.75 a | 6.60 a b | 7.30 b | 7.81 a |
Red | 12.96 a | 52.00 a | 5.64 b | 7.31 b | 7.19 a | |
Mod | 13.42 a | 49.52 a | 7.20 a | 6.75 b | 7.54 a | |
High | 11.39 b | 51.44 a | 5.62 b | 8.10 a | 7.07 a | |
2015 | Min | 15.62 a | 49.01 b | 7.52 a | 7.14 a | 8.56 a |
Red | 13.67 b | 49.08 b | 4.78 b | 7.14 a | 8.96 a | |
Mod | 11.66 b | 52.24 a | 6.41 b | 6.12 a | 7.46 b | |
High | 13.44 b | 51.57 a | 5.23 b | 7.59 a | 7.85 b | |
Stoneville (SMRA) | ||||||
2013 | Min | 14.73 a | 48.85 a | 6.77 a | 6.89 b | 7.43 a b |
Red | 12.06 b | 51.15 a | 5.79 a | 8.04 a | 6.54 b | |
Mod | 13.68 a | 49.40 a | 7.40 a | 7.63 a b | 6.73 b | |
High | 13.58 a | 49.61 a | 6.48 a | 7.14 a b | 7.97 a | |
2015 | Min | 14.77 a | 48.95 b | 7.89 a | 6.95 b | 7.77 a |
Red | 13.27 a | 46.96 b | 7.56 a | 7.13 b | 6.59 a | |
Mod | 12.89 b | 52.56 a | 6.56 a | 7.56 a b | 5.96 b | |
High | 12.84 b | 53.63 a | 6.49 a | 8.59 a,b | 6.23 b |
Factors | r M | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Tillage treatments | 0.39 | <0.0001 |
Rotation Cycle (Year) | 0.15 | <0.0001 |
Soil Physical Properties | 0.09 | 0.024 |
Residue Management | −0.009 | 0.638 |
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G. Shanmugam, S.; Buehring, N.W.; Prevost, J.D.; Kingery, W.L. Soil Bacterial Community Diversity and Composition as Affected by Tillage Intensity Treatments in Corn-Soybean Production Systems. Microbiol. Res. 2021, 12, 157-172. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres12010012
G. Shanmugam S, Buehring NW, Prevost JD, Kingery WL. Soil Bacterial Community Diversity and Composition as Affected by Tillage Intensity Treatments in Corn-Soybean Production Systems. Microbiology Research. 2021; 12(1):157-172. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres12010012
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Shanmugam, Shankar, Normie W. Buehring, Jon D. Prevost, and William L. Kingery. 2021. "Soil Bacterial Community Diversity and Composition as Affected by Tillage Intensity Treatments in Corn-Soybean Production Systems" Microbiology Research 12, no. 1: 157-172. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres12010012