Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Hospitalization and Mortality: A Comparative Analysis of Clinical Outcomes During the Early Phase of the Pandemic
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Unvaccinated n (%) n = 3170 | Vaccinated n (%) n = 1455 | p † |
---|---|---|---|
Age (min–max) | 32 (1–91) | 41 (12–91) | 0.0001 |
Men | 1653 (52.1%) | 691 (47.5%) | |
Women | 1517 (47.9%) | 764 (52.5%) | 0.003 |
Hospitalization | 76 (2.4%) | 28 (1.9%) | 0.314 |
Mortality | 34 (1.1%) | 13 (0.9%) | 0.573 |
Hypertension | 344 (10.85%) | 237 (16.28%) | 0.0001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 257 (8.10%) | 179 (12.30%) | 0.0001 |
Obesity | 222 (7.0%) | 140 (9.62%) | 0.002 |
Smoking | 111 (3.50%) | 50 (3.43%) | 0.911 |
Pneumonia | 107 (3.37%) | 46 (3.16%) | 0.706 |
Asthma | 57 (1.79%) | 23 (1.58%) | 0.599 |
Immunosuppression | 32 (1.00%) | 22 (1.51%) | 0.140 |
Cardiovascular disease | 26 (0.82%) | 9 (0.61%) | 0.462 |
Renal disease | 25 (0.78%) | 11 (0.75%) | 0.907 |
Neurological disorder | 24 (0.75%) | 5 (0.34%) | 0.098 |
HIV δ | 8 (0.25%) | 8 (0.54%) | 0.174 |
Cancer δ | 7 (0.22%) | 5 (0.34%) | 0.535 |
Chronic liver disease δ | 2 (0.12%) | 5 (0.34%) | 0.035 |
Hemolytic anemia δ | 4 (0.12%) | 1 (0.06%) | 1 |
Tuberculosis δ | 3 (0.09%) | 0 (0%) | 0.556 |
Symptom | Unvaccinated n (%) n = 3170 | Vaccinated n (%) n = 1455 | p † |
---|---|---|---|
Fever | 1881 (59.34%) | 1026 (70.52%) | 0.000 |
Cough | 1823 (57.51%) | 1079 (74.16%) | 0.000 |
Headache | 2004 (63.22%) | 1150 (79.04%) | 0.000 |
Sore throat | 1601 (50.50%) | 943 (64.81%) | 0.000 |
General malaise | 1358 (42.84%) | 730 (50.17%) | 0.000 |
Myalgia | 1692 (53.38%) | 963 (66.19%) | 0.000 |
Arthralgia | 1575 (49.68%) | 915 (62.89%) | 0.000 |
Prostration | 404 (12.74%) | 175 (12.03%) | 0.5246 |
Rhinorrhea | 1454 (45.87%) | 916 (62.96%) | 0.000 |
Chills | 1166 (36.78%) | 647 (44.47%) | 0.000 |
Abdominal pain | 459 (14.48%) | 235 (16.15%) | 0.1516 |
Conjunctivitis | 196 (6.18%) | 143 (9.83%) | 0.000 |
Dyspnea | 279 (8.80%) | 171 (11.75%) | 0.002 |
Cyanosis | 12 (0.38%) | 4 (0.27%) | 0.7736 |
Diarrhea | 516 (16.28%) | 302 (20.76%) | 0.0002 |
Chest pain | 428 (13.50%) | 246 (16.91%) | 0.0027 |
Tachypnea | 12 (0.38%) | 4 (0.27%) | 0.7736 |
Irritability | 267 (8.42%) | 134 (9.21%) | 0.4083 |
Rhinitis | 87 (2.74%) | 50 (3.44%) | 0.2319 |
Anosmia | 762 (24.04%) | 410 (28.18%) | 0.003 |
Dysgeusia | 783 (24.70%) | 396 (27.22%) | 0.074 |
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Garduño-Orbe, B.; Palma-Ramírez, P.S.; López-Ortiz, E.; García-Morales, G.; Sánchez-Rebolledo, J.M.; Emigdio-Loeza, A.; Gómez-García, A.; López-Ortiz, G. Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Hospitalization and Mortality: A Comparative Analysis of Clinical Outcomes During the Early Phase of the Pandemic. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2025, 17, 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr17040074
Garduño-Orbe B, Palma-Ramírez PS, López-Ortiz E, García-Morales G, Sánchez-Rebolledo JM, Emigdio-Loeza A, Gómez-García A, López-Ortiz G. Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Hospitalization and Mortality: A Comparative Analysis of Clinical Outcomes During the Early Phase of the Pandemic. Infectious Disease Reports. 2025; 17(4):74. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr17040074
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarduño-Orbe, Brenda, Paola Selene Palma-Ramírez, Eduardo López-Ortiz, Gabriela García-Morales, Juan Manuel Sánchez-Rebolledo, Alexis Emigdio-Loeza, Anel Gómez-García, and Geovani López-Ortiz. 2025. "Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Hospitalization and Mortality: A Comparative Analysis of Clinical Outcomes During the Early Phase of the Pandemic" Infectious Disease Reports 17, no. 4: 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr17040074
APA StyleGarduño-Orbe, B., Palma-Ramírez, P. S., López-Ortiz, E., García-Morales, G., Sánchez-Rebolledo, J. M., Emigdio-Loeza, A., Gómez-García, A., & López-Ortiz, G. (2025). Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Hospitalization and Mortality: A Comparative Analysis of Clinical Outcomes During the Early Phase of the Pandemic. Infectious Disease Reports, 17(4), 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr17040074