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Infectious Disease Reports
Volume 12
Issue s1
10.4081/idr.2020.8717
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Infectious Disease Reports is published by MDPI from Volume 12 Issue 3 (2020). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with PAGEPress.
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Article

Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway and Proinflammatory Cytokines by Ursolic Acid in Murine Macrophages Infected with Mycobacterium avium

by
Dian Ayu Eka Pitaloka
1,*,
Andrea M. Cooper
2,
Aluicia Anita Artarini
3,
Sophi Damayanti
4 and
Elin Yulinah Sukandar
1
1
Department of Pharmacology-Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Labtek 7, Jl. Ganesha No.10, Lb. Siliwangi, Coblong, Bandung 40132, West Java, Indonesia.
2
Department of Respiratory Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
3
Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Indonesia
4
Department of Pharmacochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Infect. Dis. Rep. 2020, 12(s1), 8717; https://doi.org/10.4081/idr.2020.8717
Submission received: 17 February 2020 / Revised: 18 February 2020 / Accepted: 1 July 2020 / Published: 6 July 2020

Abstract

Mycobacterium avium, one of the closest relatives of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), offers an advantage in studying MTB because of its tuberculosis-like effect in humans and host immune tolerance. This study examined the antimycobacterial action of ursolic acid and its regulation in macrophages during infection. Colony-forming units of the bacteria were determined in the cell lysate of macrophages and in the supernatant. The effect of ursolic acid on macrophages during infection was determined by analyzing the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and nitrite. The colony-forming units analysis demonstrated that ursolic acid reduced the presence of Mycobacterium avium both intracellularly (in macrophages) and extracellularly. It decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 but increased the concentrations of interleukin-1β and nitrite during infection. It also inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 but phosphorylated the C-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway. The antimycobacterial effect of ursolic acid correlated with its ability to regulate the activation of macrophages. This dual ability made the ursolic acid-related elimination of the mycobacteria more effective.
Keywords: ursolic acid; Mycobacterium avium; MAPK; pro-inflammatory cytokines; macrophages ursolic acid; Mycobacterium avium; MAPK; pro-inflammatory cytokines; macrophages

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Pitaloka, D.A.E.; Cooper, A.M.; Artarini, A.A.; Damayanti, S.; Sukandar, E.Y. Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway and Proinflammatory Cytokines by Ursolic Acid in Murine Macrophages Infected with Mycobacterium avium. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2020, 12, 8717. https://doi.org/10.4081/idr.2020.8717

AMA Style

Pitaloka DAE, Cooper AM, Artarini AA, Damayanti S, Sukandar EY. Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway and Proinflammatory Cytokines by Ursolic Acid in Murine Macrophages Infected with Mycobacterium avium. Infectious Disease Reports. 2020; 12(s1):8717. https://doi.org/10.4081/idr.2020.8717

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pitaloka, Dian Ayu Eka, Andrea M. Cooper, Aluicia Anita Artarini, Sophi Damayanti, and Elin Yulinah Sukandar. 2020. "Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway and Proinflammatory Cytokines by Ursolic Acid in Murine Macrophages Infected with Mycobacterium avium" Infectious Disease Reports 12, no. s1: 8717. https://doi.org/10.4081/idr.2020.8717

APA Style

Pitaloka, D. A. E., Cooper, A. M., Artarini, A. A., Damayanti, S., & Sukandar, E. Y. (2020). Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway and Proinflammatory Cytokines by Ursolic Acid in Murine Macrophages Infected with Mycobacterium avium. Infectious Disease Reports, 12(s1), 8717. https://doi.org/10.4081/idr.2020.8717

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