Microneedle Coating Techniques for Transdermal Drug Delivery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Microneedle Mechanism and Design
3. Microneedle Coating Methods
3.1. Dip Coating
3.2. Gas Jet Drying
3.3. Spray Coating
3.4. EHDA Based Processes
3.5. Piezoelectric Inkjet Printing
Coating Method | Base MN Material | MN Type | Coating Material Type | Excipients | Active or Model | Coating Structure on MN | Points on Process | Comments | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dip Coating | Stainless Steel | Flat. 700 µm in length | Molten solutions | PEG | Lidocaine | Film | Two main steps (dipping and drying). Additional time required for the preparation of formulation in hot-stage (including mixing) and further mixing using sonication | Lidocaine-PEG coated MNs had significantly higher delivery of drug (in 3 min) as compared with the topical administration of 0.15 g EMLA®. Method can be considered for hydrophobic drugs | [31] |
Titanium | 340 µm in length | Solutions | Sucrose Polysorbate 20 | rhGH | Film | Two main steps (dipping and drying). Roller drum method used to coat MN tips which were optimised to allow coatings to dry efficiently (5 s) before next dip. Ambient temperature process | Uniform MN coating achieved using high concentration of rhGH. Administered using an applicator. MN tips coated with formulation | [32] | |
Stainless Steel | Single MNs, in-plane rows of MNs and out-of-plane arrays of MNs Flat. | Solutions and Particles | CMC Sodium salt and Lutrol F-68 NF | Vitamin B, Calcein, gWiz™ luciferase plasmid DNA, Sulforhodamine, BSA, BaSO4 particles and modified Vaccinia Virus | Film and Particles | Two steps (dipping and drying). Modified dipping process using horizontal axis. Process required micro-positioning device to allow MN coating through precision holes which overcomes meniscus rising and subsequent unwanted spreading. Formulation fed into a 2-plate system allowing MNs to be coated. Method monitored in real time through stereo microscope visualisation | The coated materials on the MNs shafts dissolved within 20 s in porcine cadaver skin with complete delivery into the skin. Precision coating and reduced wastage of material due to two plate coating system | [13] | |
Gas-jet Drying | Silicon | 60 and 90 µm in length, Cone | Solutions | MC, Quil A, Poloxamer | OVA protein vaccine/FLR-dye | Film | Two step process. Includes the application of formulation and then drying based on gas-jet with variable speeds at specific incident angles | Densely packed MN successfully coated using this method. Method can be considered for large molecules. | [17] |
Silicon | 110 µm in length, Segments | Solutions | MC, Trehalose and 14C-OVA | Human Influenza Vaccine (Fluvax®) | Film | As above. MN patches were rotated to ensure uniformity. A nitrogen gas-jet was used | An improved approach to deliver vaccine to low-resource regions with long time stability. Tracer was incorporated into coating | [35] | |
Spray Coating | Silicon | 280 µm in length, Contour | Solutions | HPMC, CMC, Tween 80 | Film | Multiple variables can be used for spray optimisation. Coated MNs were dried for 12 h at the ambient temperature. Factorial design used to determine best coating formulation | Various conventional tablet coating polymers deployed for coating MNs. Multiple variables involved which impact spraying time. Surfactant may be required to improve coalescence of droplets | [36] | |
Silicon | 300 µm in length, Contour | Solutions | CMC, Trehalose, Maltodextrin, Sodium salt, Tween 80 and Lutrol F68 | rADV, modified MVA Vectors and FITC | Relics and Films | Process optimised to control direct deposition on to MNs. This also required careful isolation of viruses during deposition. Multiple variables can be used for spray optimisation. Coated MNs were dried under vacuum (with desiccant) for a further 2–24 h | Uniform coating significantly preserved the virus’s activity which was successfully delivered into the skin and resulted in antibody response equivalent to the response induced by transdermal injection of the same vaccine | [37] | |
EHDA Process | Stainless Steel | 500 µm in length, Flat | Solutions | PVP | FLR dye | Particles and Fibres | Multiple variables in this process. Reduced drying time due to non-aqueous solvent deployment for formulation. Coating thickness variable—dependent on deposition time. Ambient condition process | Solution properties used to prepare coating formulations are critical to the process and lead to variations in coating structure type | [34] |
Ink-jet Printing | PMVE-MA | ~800 µm in length | Solutions | DMSO | MNZ | Micro-droplet Film | MNs were exposed to UV light prior to printing with formulation. Ambient temperature process. Six layers of printed patterns applied. 38 µg of MNZ dose per patch prepared | Printing system presents an opportunity for poorly soluble anti-fungal drugs. A multi-mode engineering approach is a valuable for drop on demand system coatings | [50] |
Stainless Steel | 700 µm in length, Flat | Solutions | De-ionised Water, Ethanol and Soluplus | 5-FU, Curcumin, Cisplatin and Na FLR | Spotted and Micro- droplet Film. | Plotting of droplets on to MNs at 45°. Droplets deposited in continuous jetting cycles to increase coating. Process is computer controlled to determine volumes and real time deposition via imaging | Controlled deposition (of a droplet) using a controlled deposition device. Piezo-electric jet head used. Droplet size correlates with nozzle exit | [51] | |
PGA | ~800 µm in length, Half conical | Solutions | PMVE-MA, DMSO | VNZ and Methylene blue | Micro-droplet Film | Small quantities of formulations loaded into printer cartridge. 1 µg of the drug onto each MN patch system. Precision controlled deposition. Three layers deposited | VNZ-PGA MNs showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Accordingly, this system is ideal for poorly soluble pharmacological agents | [52] |
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflict of Interests
References
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Haj-Ahmad, R.; Khan, H.; Arshad, M.S.; Rasekh, M.; Hussain, A.; Walsh, S.; Li, X.; Chang, M.-W.; Ahmad, Z. Microneedle Coating Techniques for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2015, 7, 486-502. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics7040486
Haj-Ahmad R, Khan H, Arshad MS, Rasekh M, Hussain A, Walsh S, Li X, Chang M-W, Ahmad Z. Microneedle Coating Techniques for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2015; 7(4):486-502. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics7040486
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaj-Ahmad, Rita, Hashim Khan, Muhammad Sohail Arshad, Manoochehr Rasekh, Amjad Hussain, Susannah Walsh, Xiang Li, Ming-Wei Chang, and Zeeshan Ahmad. 2015. "Microneedle Coating Techniques for Transdermal Drug Delivery" Pharmaceutics 7, no. 4: 486-502. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics7040486