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Pharmaceutics
Volume 17
Issue 9
10.3390/pharmaceutics17091190
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Personalized Therapeutic Advances in Erythropoietin Signaling: From Anemia Management to Extensive Clinical Applications

by
Elena-Christen Creangă
1,
Raluca Stan
1,
Alina-Crenguţa Nicolae
2,
Cristina Manuela Drăgoi
2,* and
Ion-Bogdan Dumitrescu
3
1
Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Str. Gheorghe POLIZU, nr. 1–7, Sector 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
2
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, Romania
3
Department of Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, Romania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(9), 1190; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17091190 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 4 August 2025 / Revised: 8 September 2025 / Accepted: 10 September 2025 / Published: 12 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Strategies in Drug Development and Clinical Care in the Era of Personalized and Precision Medicine, 2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone essential for red blood cell production and a cornerstone therapy for anemia, particularly in chronic kidney disease. Beyond hematopoiesis, EPO exerts pleiotropic effects on metabolism, neuroprotection, and tissue regeneration. This review summarizes current insights into the molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and clinical applications of recombinant human EPO (rHuEPO) and its analogs, with emphasis on personalized therapeutic strategies. Emerging evidence highlights both therapeutic opportunities and risks, including resistance, cardiovascular complications, and misuse in sports doping. Advances in detection methods, pharmacogenomics, and the development of novel agents such as HIF-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors are discussed, underscoring the expanding role of EPO in precision medicine.
Keywords: EPO; rHuEPO; hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF); erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA); gene doping EPO; rHuEPO; hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF); erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA); gene doping

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MDPI and ACS Style

Creangă, E.-C.; Stan, R.; Nicolae, A.-C.; Drăgoi, C.M.; Dumitrescu, I.-B. Personalized Therapeutic Advances in Erythropoietin Signaling: From Anemia Management to Extensive Clinical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2025, 17, 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17091190

AMA Style

Creangă E-C, Stan R, Nicolae A-C, Drăgoi CM, Dumitrescu I-B. Personalized Therapeutic Advances in Erythropoietin Signaling: From Anemia Management to Extensive Clinical Applications. Pharmaceutics. 2025; 17(9):1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17091190

Chicago/Turabian Style

Creangă, Elena-Christen, Raluca Stan, Alina-Crenguţa Nicolae, Cristina Manuela Drăgoi, and Ion-Bogdan Dumitrescu. 2025. "Personalized Therapeutic Advances in Erythropoietin Signaling: From Anemia Management to Extensive Clinical Applications" Pharmaceutics 17, no. 9: 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17091190

APA Style

Creangă, E.-C., Stan, R., Nicolae, A.-C., Drăgoi, C. M., & Dumitrescu, I.-B. (2025). Personalized Therapeutic Advances in Erythropoietin Signaling: From Anemia Management to Extensive Clinical Applications. Pharmaceutics, 17(9), 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17091190

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