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Pharmaceutics
Volume 17
Issue 7
10.3390/pharmaceutics17070844
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Article

Influence of the pH Synthesis of Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles on Their Applicability for Magnetic Hyperthermia: An In Vitro Analysis

by
Bárbara Costa
1,
Eurico Pereira
2,3,4,
Vital C. Ferreira-Filho
5,
Ana Salomé Pires
2,3,4,
Laura C. J. Pereira
5,
Paula I. P. Soares
6,
Maria Filomena Botelho
2,3,4,
Fernando Mendes
2,3,7,8,9,
Manuel P. F. Graça
1 and
Sílvia Soreto Teixeira
1,*
1
i3N, Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
2
Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Coimbra, Pólo III—Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
3
Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
4
Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
5
Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, CTN, DECN, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
6
i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
7
Coimbra Health School (ESTeSC), Polytechnique University of Coimbra, Rua 5 de Outubro, São Martinho do Bispo, 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal
8
H&TRC—Health and Technology Research Center, Coimbra Health Scholl, Polytechnique University of Coimbra, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
9
European Association of Biomedical Scientists, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(7), 844; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17070844 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 4 April 2025 / Revised: 9 June 2025 / Accepted: 25 June 2025 / Published: 27 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Drug Delivery Systems: Magnetic Gels)
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Abstract

Nanotechnology, specifically magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), is revolutionizing cancer treatment. Magnetic hyperthermia is a treatment that, using MNPs, can selectively kill cancer cells without causing damage to the surrounding tissues. Background/Objectives: This work aimed to analyze how the synthesis conditions, namely, how the pH of the reaction can influence the magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia, using the hydrothermal synthesis. Methods: For the hydrothermal synthesis, FeCl3·6H2O and FeCl2·4H2O were mixed with different quantities of NaOH to adjust the pH. After obtaining a black precipitate, the samples were placed in an autoclave at 200 °C for 60 h, followed by a washing and drying phase. The obtained MNPs were analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy, a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device, Specific Absorption Rate analysis, and cytotoxicity assays. Results: Different MNPs were analyzed (9.06 < pH < 12.75). The XRD results showed the presence of various iron oxide phases (magnetite, maghemite, and hematite), resulting from the oxidization of the iron phases present in the autoclave. In terms of the average particle size, it was verified that, by increasing the pH value, the size decreases (from 53.53 nm to 9.49 nm). Additionally, MNPs possess a superparamagnetic behaviour with high SAR values (above 69.3 W/g). Conclusions: It was found that the pH of the reaction can influence the size, morphology, magnetization, and thermal efficiency of the MNP. The MNP with the highest composition of Fe3O4 was synthesized with a pH of 12.75, with a cubic morphology and a SAR value of 92.7 ± 3.2 W/g.
Keywords: hydrothermal synthesis; magnetic hyperthermia; magnetite; NaOH; SAR hydrothermal synthesis; magnetic hyperthermia; magnetite; NaOH; SAR
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MDPI and ACS Style

Costa, B.; Pereira, E.; Ferreira-Filho, V.C.; Pires, A.S.; Pereira, L.C.J.; Soares, P.I.P.; Botelho, M.F.; Mendes, F.; Graça, M.P.F.; Teixeira, S.S. Influence of the pH Synthesis of Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles on Their Applicability for Magnetic Hyperthermia: An In Vitro Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2025, 17, 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17070844

AMA Style

Costa B, Pereira E, Ferreira-Filho VC, Pires AS, Pereira LCJ, Soares PIP, Botelho MF, Mendes F, Graça MPF, Teixeira SS. Influence of the pH Synthesis of Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles on Their Applicability for Magnetic Hyperthermia: An In Vitro Analysis. Pharmaceutics. 2025; 17(7):844. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17070844

Chicago/Turabian Style

Costa, Bárbara, Eurico Pereira, Vital C. Ferreira-Filho, Ana Salomé Pires, Laura C. J. Pereira, Paula I. P. Soares, Maria Filomena Botelho, Fernando Mendes, Manuel P. F. Graça, and Sílvia Soreto Teixeira. 2025. "Influence of the pH Synthesis of Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles on Their Applicability for Magnetic Hyperthermia: An In Vitro Analysis" Pharmaceutics 17, no. 7: 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17070844

APA Style

Costa, B., Pereira, E., Ferreira-Filho, V. C., Pires, A. S., Pereira, L. C. J., Soares, P. I. P., Botelho, M. F., Mendes, F., Graça, M. P. F., & Teixeira, S. S. (2025). Influence of the pH Synthesis of Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles on Their Applicability for Magnetic Hyperthermia: An In Vitro Analysis. Pharmaceutics, 17(7), 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17070844

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