Exosome Cargos as Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Exosomes and HCC
2.1. Formation and Secretion of Exosomes
2.2. Exosomes Participate in the Biological Regulation of HCC Cells
2.3. Exosomes Promote the Metastasis and Progression of HCC
2.4. Exosomes Involve in the Immunosuppression of HCC
3. Exosome Cargos as Biomarkers for HCC
3.1. MicroRNAs
3.2. Long Noncoding RNAs
3.3. Circular RNAs
3.4. Proteins
3.5. Others
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Components of Exosome | Biomarker | Function | Application | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
microRNA | miR-21 | Contribute to the proliferation, metastasis, and chemotherapy drug resistance | Diagnosis | [53] |
miR-10b-5p | Mediates cell communication and facilitates cell proliferation | Diagnosis | [54] | |
miR-122 | Influence proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC | Screening, diagnosis, and TACE efficacy prediction | [55,56] | |
miR-92b | Promote the migration of HCC and downregulated the NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity | Prognosis: post-transplant HCC recurrence | [57] | |
miR-718 | Regulate the proliferation of HCC cells by mediating SEMA3B-AS1 and PTEN | Prognosis: post-transplant HCC recurrence | [58] | |
miR-370-3p, miR-196a-5p | Drive tumor progression and immune evasion | Diagnosis and prognosis | [59] | |
miR-34a | Promote proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy of HCC cells | Diagnosis and prognosis: tumor infiltration depth and lymph node metastasis | [60] | |
miR-483-5p | Promote HCC cells proliferation by downregulating CDK15 | Diagnosis | [61] | |
Long noncoding RNA | LINC00161 | Influence HCC progression | Diagnosis and prognosis | [62] |
SNHG1, DLEU2 | Influence HCC progression | Diagnosis | [63] | |
RP11-85G21.1 | Promote HCC proliferation and migration by regulating miR-324-5p | Diagnosis: AFP+ and AFP- HCC | [64] | |
ENSG00000258332.1 | Influence HCC progression | Diagnosis and prognosis: lymph node metastasis and overall survival | [65] | |
MALAT1 | Regulate genes involved in DNA damage repair, homologous recombination, ferroptosis, infiltration of lymphocytes | Prognosis: progression-free survival and overall survival | [66] | |
THEMIS2-211 | Serve as an oncogene that promotes the proliferation, migration, invasion of HCC | Diagnosis and prognosis | [67] | |
Circular RNAs | circ_0070396 | Influence HCC progression | Diagnosis | [68] |
circ-0072088 | Suppresses invasion and migration | Diagnosis and prognosis: mortality | [69] | |
circ_0028861 | Influence HCC progression by regulating miRNAs and downstream tumor-related signaling pathways | Diagnosis: small, early-stage, and AFP-negative HCC | [70] | |
circ-0051443 | Promote HCC cell apoptosis and arrest the cell cycle | Diagnosis | [71] | |
CircAKT3 | Promote HCC progression by back splicing of AKT3 gene | Prognosis: recurrence rates and mortality. | [72] | |
circ-G004213 | Promotes cisplatin sensitivity | Prognosis: efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization | [73] | |
circUHRF1 | Induce natural killer cell exhaustion | Resistance to anti-PD1 immunotherapy and high cumulative recurrence | [52] | |
Protein | G3BP | Influence HCC progression by regulating mRNA translation and gene expression | Diagnosis | [74] |
S100A4 | Promoted tumor metastasis | Diagnosis and prognosis: survival and recurrence rates | [28] | |
SMAD3 | Facilitate metastasis by regulating adhesion | Prognosis | [75] | |
CAP1 | Promoted tumor metastasis | Diagnosis | [76] | |
DNA | TP53 mutation | Promote tumorigenesis | Prognosis | [77] |
Messenger RNA | hnRNPH1 mRNA | Associated with poorer differentiation of tumor cells | Diagnosis and prognosis: portal vein tumor thrombosis and overall survival | [78] |
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Zeng, Y.; Hu, S.; Luo, Y.; He, K. Exosome Cargos as Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Pharmaceutics 2023, 15, 2365. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15092365
Zeng Y, Hu S, Luo Y, He K. Exosome Cargos as Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Pharmaceutics. 2023; 15(9):2365. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15092365
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeng, Yulai, Shuyu Hu, Yi Luo, and Kang He. 2023. "Exosome Cargos as Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma" Pharmaceutics 15, no. 9: 2365. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15092365