Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Doxorubicin-Loaded Magnetite Nanoparticles on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles
2.3. Samples’ Preparation for Doxorubicin Loading Study
2.4. Stability of Doxorubicin-Loaded Magnetic Nanocarriers in DW and Sodium Chloride
2.5. Cell Lines
2.6. Cell Cultures
2.7. MTT Assay
2.8. Materials’ Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. ELS and DLS Results
3.2. Colloidal Stability
3.3. XRD
3.4. Morphology and Particle Size
3.5. Magnetization
3.6. FTIR Analysis
3.7. UV-Vis Optical Studies of Anticancer Drug Loading
3.8. In Vitro Cytotoxicity
3.8.1. Sample Preparation
3.8.2. 4T1 Cancer Cell Line
3.8.3. MDA-MB-468 Cancer Cell Line
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | Mean Zeta Potential (mV) | Electrophoretic Mobility (µm cm/Vs) | Conductivity (mS/cm) | Hydrodynamic Diameter (nm) | Peak Analysis Intensity (nm) | Polydispersity Index (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S0 | 21.0 | 1.63 | 0.007 | 226.4 | 260.2 | 26.2 |
S1 | −27.7 | −1.96 | 0.003 | 93.6 | 102.4 | 20.5 |
S2 | −31.5 | −2.45 | 0.01 | 93.8 | 86.9 | 22.4 |
S3 (1:1) | 36.8 | 2.60 | 0.24 | 380.9 | 391.3 | 18.6 |
S3 (1:5) | 34.7 | 2.46 | 0.90 | 375.6 | 386.2 | 24.2 |
Samples | Mean Zeta Potential (mV) | Electrophoretic Mobility (µm cm/Vs) | Conductivity (mS/cm) | Hydrodynamic Diameter (nm) | Standard Dev. (nm) | Polydispersity Index (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 + DW 0.02% | −29.92 | −2.12 | 0.54 | 46.6 | 11.8 | 12.4 |
S1 + NaCl 0.02% | −23.29 | −1.64 | 6.92 | 42.2 | 11.3 | 11.7 |
S2 + DW 0.02% | −33.88 | −2,40 | 0.43 | 43.2 | 13.7 | 10.2 |
S2 + NaCl 0.02% | −23.82 | −1.68 | 7.70 | 42.6 | 11.0 | 12.6 |
S3 (1:1) + DW 0.05% | 36.56 | 2.59 | 0.11 | 271.0 | 104.1 | 15.8 |
S3 (1:1) + NaCl 0.05% | 20.51 | 1.45 | 6.57 | 550.4 | 387.9 | 25.0 |
S4 (1:1) + DW 0.05% | 38.36 | 2.72 | 0.04 | 198.1 | 61.6 | 17.9 |
S4 (1:1) + NaCl 0.05% | 23.28 | 1.64 | 5.73 | 455.7 | 223.2 | 26.3 |
Sample’s Designations | Solid Component | Designations Corresponding to Different Concentrations (w/v) | DOX Concentration (mM) | Concentration, (mg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|
DOX | Doxorubicin | DOX–0.1% | 1.84 | |
DOX–0.05% | 0.92 | |||
DOX–0.02% | 0.37 | |||
S0 | BIONs – Bare iron oxide nanoparticles | S0–0.1% | 1.00 | |
S0–0.05% | 0.50 | |||
S0–0.02% | 0.20 | |||
S1 | CA-SPIONs – Citric acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles | S1–0.1% | 1.00 | |
S1–0.05% | 0.50 | |||
S1–0.02% | 0.20 | |||
S2 | CA-SPIONs-EHD – Electrohydraulic discharge-processed CA-SPIONs | S2–0.1% | 1.00 | |
S2–0.05% | 0.50 | |||
S2–0.02% | 0.20 | |||
S3 | DOX-CA-SPIONs – Doxorubicin-loaded CA-SPIONs | S3–1:1–0.1% | 0.92 | 0.50 |
S3–1:1–0.05% | 0.46 | 0.25 | ||
S3–1:1–0.02% | 0.18 | 0.10 | ||
S3–1:5–0.10% | 0.31 | 0.83 | ||
S3–1:5–0.05% | 0.15 | 0.42 | ||
S3–1:5–0.02% | 0.06 | 0.17 | ||
S3–1:10–0.10% | 0.17 | 0.91 | ||
S3–1:10–0.05% | 0.08 | 0.45 | ||
S3–1:10–0.02% | 0.03 | 0.18 | ||
S4 | DOX-CA-SPIONs-EHD – Electrohydraulic discharge-processed DOX-CA-SPIONs | S4–1:1–0.1% | 0.92 | 0.50 |
S4–1:1–0.05% | 0.46 | 0.25 | ||
S4–1:1–0.02% | 0.18 | 0.10 | ||
S4–1:5–0.1% | 0.31 | 0.83 | ||
S4–1:5–0.05% | 0.15 | 0.42 | ||
S4–1:5–0.02% | 0.06 | 0.17 | ||
S4–1:10–0.1% | 0.17 | 0.91 | ||
S4–1:10–0.05% | 0.08 | 0.45 | ||
S4–1:10–0.02% | 0.03 | 0.18 |
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Markhulia, J.; Kekutia, S.; Mikelashvili, V.; Saneblidze, L.; Tsertsvadze, T.; Maisuradze, N.; Leladze, N.; Czigány, Z.; Almásy, L. Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Doxorubicin-Loaded Magnetite Nanoparticles on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Pharmaceutics 2023, 15, 1758. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15061758
Markhulia J, Kekutia S, Mikelashvili V, Saneblidze L, Tsertsvadze T, Maisuradze N, Leladze N, Czigány Z, Almásy L. Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Doxorubicin-Loaded Magnetite Nanoparticles on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Pharmaceutics. 2023; 15(6):1758. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15061758
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarkhulia, Jano, Shalva Kekutia, Vladimer Mikelashvili, Liana Saneblidze, Tamar Tsertsvadze, Nino Maisuradze, Nino Leladze, Zsolt Czigány, and László Almásy. 2023. "Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Doxorubicin-Loaded Magnetite Nanoparticles on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines" Pharmaceutics 15, no. 6: 1758. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15061758