Design of Innovative Biocompatible Cellulose Nanostructures for the Delivery and Sustained Release of Curcumin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Production of CNC-TEMPO
2.3. CNC and CNF Modification with CTAB Surfactant
2.4. CNC and CNF Modification with TA and DA
2.5. Characterization
2.5.1. Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
2.5.2. Powder X-ray Diffraction
2.5.3. Zeta Potential Determination
2.5.4. Microscopy Analysis
2.6. Curcumin Loading
2.7. Curcumin Quantification
2.8. Encapsulation Efficiency, Loading Capacity and Yield
2.9. Curcumin Release Profile
2.10. Cytotoxicity Evaluation
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of the Carrier Materials
3.1.1. ATR-FT-IR Analysis
3.1.2. PXRD Analysis
3.1.3. Zeta Potential
3.2. Curcumin Binding Analysis
3.2.1. Preliminary Curcumin:Carrier Ratio Screening
3.2.2. ATR-FT-IR Analysis of the Loaded Nanostructures
3.2.3. Curcumin Loading
3.3. Curcumin Release Profile
3.4. Cytotoxicity Evaluation
3.5. Morphological Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Zeta Potential (mV) |
---|---|
CNC | −45.03 ± 0.79 a |
CNF | −34.20 ± 1.03 b |
CNC-TEMPO | −34.37 ± 1.04 b |
CNF-TEMPO | −30.90 ± 1.68 c |
CNC-CTAB | −27.97 ± 2.01 c |
CNF-CTAB | −17.47 ± 2.25 d |
CNC-TADA | −22.03 ± 0.84 d,e |
CNF-TADA | −24.90 ± 1.37 e |
Ratio Curcumin:CNC | EE (%) | LC (%) | Theoric LC (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1:2 | 56.64 ± 0.76 a | 26.90 ± 0.83 a | 33.33 |
1:3 | 81.26 ± 0.21 b | 24.57 ± 0.30 b | 25.00 |
1:5 | 79.46 ± 0.25 c | 16.04 ± 0.42 c | 16.67 |
1:10 | 78.31 ± 0.19 d | 8.82 ± 0.23 d | 9.09 |
1:15 | 74.97 ± 0.83 e | 3.13 ± 0.86 e | 6.25 |
Delivery System | Yield (%) | EE (%) | LC (%) | ZP (mV) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CNC | 68.01 ± 3.22 a | 84.29 ± 3.06 a | 31.00 ± 3.41 a | −49.83 ± 2.75 |
CNF | 91.22 ± 3.64 b | 84.81 ± 4.79 a | 24.72 ± 2.12 b | −19.67 ± 5.52 |
CNC-TEMPO | 43.33 ± 4.01 c | 54.52 ± 3.29 b | 31.50 ± 3.45 a | −26.13 ± 0.58 |
CNF-TEMPO | 68.90 ± 2.73 a | 85.39 ± 0.28 a | 25.41 ± 2.70 b | −25.13 ± 0.90 |
CNC-CTAB | 90.36 ± 3.24 b,d | 90.23 ± 1.58 c | 24.78 ± 3.47 b | −21.97 ± 1.86 |
CNF-CTAB | 68.95 ± 3.40 a | 81.27 ± 2.97 a | 26.98 ± 3.29 b | −15.37 ± 1.18 |
CNC-TADA | 83.06 ± 2.89 d | 99.85 ± 0.23 d | 30.10 ± 1.06 a | −20.90 ± 2.43 |
CNF-TADA | 93.25 ± 2.16 b | 99.84 ± 0.31 d | 26.80 ± 2.29 b | −21.91 ± 1.96 |
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Casanova, F.; Pereira, C.F.; Ribeiro, A.B.; Costa, E.M.; Freixo, R.; Castro, P.M.; Fernandes, J.C.; Pintado, M.; Ramos, Ó.L. Design of Innovative Biocompatible Cellulose Nanostructures for the Delivery and Sustained Release of Curcumin. Pharmaceutics 2023, 15, 981. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15030981
Casanova F, Pereira CF, Ribeiro AB, Costa EM, Freixo R, Castro PM, Fernandes JC, Pintado M, Ramos ÓL. Design of Innovative Biocompatible Cellulose Nanostructures for the Delivery and Sustained Release of Curcumin. Pharmaceutics. 2023; 15(3):981. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15030981
Chicago/Turabian StyleCasanova, Francisca, Carla F. Pereira, Alessandra B. Ribeiro, Eduardo M. Costa, Ricardo Freixo, Pedro M. Castro, João C. Fernandes, Manuela Pintado, and Óscar L. Ramos. 2023. "Design of Innovative Biocompatible Cellulose Nanostructures for the Delivery and Sustained Release of Curcumin" Pharmaceutics 15, no. 3: 981. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15030981