Nanotechnology-Based Delivery Systems for Antimicrobial Peptides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Antimicrobial Agents and their Activity
3. Overview and Properties of AMPs
3.1. Mechanism of Action of AMPs
3.2. Challenges of AMPs and the Role of Carriers for Improved Therapeutic Efficiency
3.3. Nano-Delivery Systems for AMPs
4. NPs with Antimicrobial Activity and Their Mode of Action
5. Nanocarriers of AMPs
5.1. Antimicrobial Activity of AuNPs
5.2. AgNPs as Potent Antimicrobial Agents
5.3. Nanohybrids for Enhanced Biocompatibility and Efficacy
6. Nanocarriers in Clinical Trials
Merits and Limitations of Nanocarriers
7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Groups | Characteristics | Examples | Mode of Action | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|
α-helical peptides | Amidated C-terminus, N-terminal signal peptides | FALL-39 Magainins Cecropins | Pore formation | [47] |
[48,49] | ||||
[50] | ||||
β-sheet | cationic with disulfide bridges | β-defensins | Membrane disruption | [51,52] |
plectasin | [53] | |||
protegrins | [54] | |||
Extended AMPs or Non-αβ peptides | Contains proline, arginine, tryptophan, glycine or histidine rich amino acids | Indolicidin | Membrane disruption Disruption of intracellular function | [55] |
Bactenecins | [56] | |||
Histatins | [57] | |||
Loop peptides | Dodecapeptides Tachyplesins Protigrin-1 Bactenecin-1 Ranalexin Brevinin 1E Lactoferricin | Disruption of bacterial membrane | [58] [59,60] [61] |
Nanocarriers | Advantages | Limitations |
---|---|---|
MNPs | Multipurpose High surface to volume ratio | Cytotoxicity Shelf-life Solubility |
Liposomes | Biodegradable Hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules can be loaded | Loading efficiency Immunogenicity |
Dendrimers | High control over the critical molecular design parameter | High cost of synthesis Non-specific toxicity |
Carbon nanotubes | Soluble in water Multiple application | High cost of synthesis Less degradable |
Polymeric NPs | Easy modification Biocompatibility Nature-dependent biodegradability Time-dependent drug release. | Low cell affinity toxicity of byproducts. |
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Fadaka, A.O.; Sibuyi, N.R.S.; Madiehe, A.M.; Meyer, M. Nanotechnology-Based Delivery Systems for Antimicrobial Peptides. Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111795
Fadaka AO, Sibuyi NRS, Madiehe AM, Meyer M. Nanotechnology-Based Delivery Systems for Antimicrobial Peptides. Pharmaceutics. 2021; 13(11):1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111795
Chicago/Turabian StyleFadaka, Adewale Oluwaseun, Nicole Remaliah Samantha Sibuyi, Abram Madimabe Madiehe, and Mervin Meyer. 2021. "Nanotechnology-Based Delivery Systems for Antimicrobial Peptides" Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11: 1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111795
APA StyleFadaka, A. O., Sibuyi, N. R. S., Madiehe, A. M., & Meyer, M. (2021). Nanotechnology-Based Delivery Systems for Antimicrobial Peptides. Pharmaceutics, 13(11), 1795. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111795