Virus-Bacteria Interactions: An Emerging Topic in Human Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Direct Interactions: Viruses Exploiting Bacteria
3. Indirect Interactions: Bacteria Exploiting Viral Infections
4. Influence of Bacteria and Virus Features on Interactions
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Virus | Bacteria | Significance | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Direct Interaction | |||
Human norovirus | Enterobacter cloacae | Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-like moieties serve as co-factor during infection | [13,14,15,16] |
Murine norovirus | E. cloacae, enteric bacteria | HBGA-like moieties serve as co-factor during infection; evidence of the presence of intestinal microbiota aid establishment of persistent viral infection | [13,17] |
Poliovirus | N-acetyl glucosamine containing polysaccharides (lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan) | Enhanced cell association and viral replication; increased capsid stability and transmission | [18,19] |
Reovirus T3SA+ | Enteric bacteria; Escherichia coli, Ochrobactrum intermedium, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis (LPS) | Enhanced viral replication; enhanced virus binding/entry | [18] |
Rotavirus | Enteric bacteria | Enhanced viral replication; enhanced virus binding/entry; less effective host antibody response | [20] |
Influenza virus | Staphylococcus aureus; Aerococcus viridans | Protease cleaves the hemagglutinin (HA) into HA1 and HA2, making the particles infectious | [21,22,23] |
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Increases HIV long terminal repeat-driven transcription and HIV production | [24,25] |
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) | Enteric bacteria, Escherichia coli EH100, E. coli O26, E. coli O55:B5, Bacillus thetaiotaomicron, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, extracted bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) | Virus contains factors on outer membrane that bind bacterial LPS; Uses LPS to promote a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) response that helps it evade host immune system. | [26,27] |
Indirect Interaction | |||
Herpesviruses | Porphyromonas gingivalis; Dialister pneumosintes | Promotes immunosuppression leading to bacterial colonization | [28,29] |
Measles virus | M. tuberculosis; S. aureus; Listeria monocytogenes | Promotes a generalized state of immunosuppression leading to bacterial co-infection | [30,31] |
HIV | Oral, gastrointestinal, lung, penile, vaginal bacteria | Immune system deterioration and increased bacterial translocation | [32] |
Parainfluenza virus | Nasopharyngeal bacteria | Increased bacterial binding to the lower respiratory tract | [33,34] |
Respiratory syncytial virus | Streptococcus pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae | Increased bacterial invasiveness; increased host cell adhesion molecules | [35,36,37] |
Influenza virus | Streptococcus pneumoniae; S. aureus; H. influenza; respiratory commensals | Viral neuraminidase cleaves epithelial cell sialic acid exposing bacterial receptors; damages epithelial cells | [6,21,38] |
Rhinovirus | S. pneumoniae; S. aureus; H. influenzae | Increases host cell adhesion molecules | [39] |
Adenovirus | S. pneumoniae | Increases host cell adhesion molecules | [40,41] |
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Almand, E.A.; Moore, M.D.; Jaykus, L.-A. Virus-Bacteria Interactions: An Emerging Topic in Human Infection. Viruses 2017, 9, 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9030058
Almand EA, Moore MD, Jaykus L-A. Virus-Bacteria Interactions: An Emerging Topic in Human Infection. Viruses. 2017; 9(3):58. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9030058
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmand, Erin A., Matthew D. Moore, and Lee-Ann Jaykus. 2017. "Virus-Bacteria Interactions: An Emerging Topic in Human Infection" Viruses 9, no. 3: 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9030058