Two Year Field Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Mamestra brassicae Nucleopolyhedrovirus Combined with Proteins Derived from Xestia c-nigrum Granulovirus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insects, Viruses and Additives
2.2. Field Trials
First trial, 2008 | Second trial, 2008 | First trial, 2009 | Second trial, 2009 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plant | cabbage | cabbage | cabbage | broccoli |
Date of transplanting | 15 4 2008 | 23 5 2008 | 20 4 2009 | 12 8 2009 |
Bt treatment | Bt kurstaki 15 5 2008 | None | None | Bt kurstaki 3 9 2009 |
Date of pest release | 27 5 2008 | 29 6–1 7 2008 | 29–30 5 2009 | 11–12 9 2009 |
(quantity/plant) | (ca. 160 eggs) | (ca. 320 eggs) | (300–400 eggs) | (300–400 eggs or larvae) |
Date of virus application | 2 6 2008 | 7 7 2008 | 4 6 2009 | 19 9 2009 |
(Larval stage) | (late 1st-instar) | (2nd to 3rd-instars) | (2nd-instar) | (2nd-instar) |
Concentration of NPV | 106 OBs/mL | 105 OBs/mL | 105 OBs/mL | 105 OBs/mL |
Concentration of GVPs | 0 or 10 μg/mL | 0 or 10 μg/mL | 5 or 10 μg/mL | 5 or 10 μg/mL |
Date of larval collection | 6 6 2008 | 11 7 2008 | 8 6 2009 | 23 9 2009 |
(Larval stage) | (late 2nd) | (4th) | (late 2nd to mid-3rd) | (3rd to 4th) |
2.3. Rearing of Larvae and Examination of the Cause of Death
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Field Trial in 2008
Factor | Overall analysis 2 | Viral Infection 3 | Wasp Emergence 4 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
df | G | p | df | G | p | df | G | p | |
First trial, 2008 (Cabbage) | |||||||||
Treatment | 2 | 153.24 | <0.01 | 1 | 9.62 | <0.01 | 2 | 1.83 | 0.400 |
Second trial, 2008 (Cabbage) | |||||||||
Treatment | 2 | 146.95 | <0.01 | 1 | 50.94 | <0.01 | 2 | 6.57 | 0.038 |
First trial, 2009 (Cabbage) | |||||||||
Treatment | 2 | 75.63 | <0.01 | 1 | 13.79 | <0.01 | 2 | 4.67 | 0.097 |
Plant 1 | 18 | 47.88 | <0.01 | 12 | 35.08 | <0.01 | 18 | 35.19 | <0.01 |
Second trial, 2009 (Broccoli) | |||||||||
Treatment | 2 | 340.21 | <0.01 | 1 | 1.76 | 0.185 | - 5 | ||
Plant 1 | 18 | 102.39 | <0.01 | 12 | 74.18 | <0.01 |
Overall Mortality | Mortality by Virus | Mortality by Wasps | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment (crop) | Hazard Ratio 1 | 95% CL | Hazard Ratio 1 | 95% CL | Hazard Ratio 1 | 95% CL | |||
Pairwise Treatment | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||
First trial, 2008 (Cabbage)2 | |||||||||
NPV alone/Cont. | 5.20 * | 3.54 | 7.90 | 1.51 | 0.81 | 2.81 | |||
NPV + GVPs/Cont. | 7.35 * | 5.04 | 11.11 | 1.37 | 0.69 | 2.66 | |||
NPV + GVPs/NPV alone | 1.41 * | 1.14 | 1.76 | 1.44 * | 1.14 | 1.83 | 0.91 | 0.46 | 1.76 |
Second trial, 2008 (Cabbage)3 | |||||||||
NPV alone/Cont. | 3.57 * | 2.53 | 5.18 | 0.51 * | 0.26 | 0.96 | |||
NPV + GVPs/Cont. | 6.47 * | 4.59 | 9.36 | 0.43 * | 0.19 | 0.88 | |||
NPV + GVPs/NPV alone | 1.81 * | 1.47 | 2.24 | 2.37 * | 1.87 | 3.02 | 0.84 | 0.37 | 1.84 |
First trial, 2009 (Cabbage)4 | |||||||||
Low GVPs/Cont. | 2.77 * | 2.19 | 3.54 | 0.83 | 0.58 | 1.18 | |||
High GVPs/Cont. | 1.90 * | 1.49 | 2.45 | 0.69 * | 0.48 | 0.97 | |||
High GVPs/Low GVPs | 0.69 * | 0.56 | 0.84 | 0.61 * | 0.46 | 0.79 | 0.82 | 0.55 | 1.23 |
Second trial, 2009 (Broccoli)4 | |||||||||
Low GVPs/Cont. | 17.37 * | 10.37 | 34.53 | ||||||
High GVPs/Cont. | 19.79 * | 11.81 | 39.33 | ||||||
High GVPs/ Low GVPs | 1.14 | 0.94 | 1.38 | 1.15 | 0.94 | 1.40 |
Treatment (Crop) | No. of Observation | LT50 (Days) | 95% CL | Parametic Survival Analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredients of Formulations | Lower | Upper | df | G | p | ||
First trial, 2008 (Cabbage) | |||||||
106 OBs/mL of MabrNPV alone | 122 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 1 | 4.91 | 0.027 |
106 OBs/mL of MabrNPV + 10 μg/mL of GVPs | 167 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.9 | |||
Second trial, 2008 (Cabbage) | |||||||
105 OBs/mL of MabrNPV alone | 113 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 4.5 | 1 | 5.87 | 0.015 |
105 OBs/mL of MabrNPV + 10 μg/mL of GVPs | 169 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 4.0 | |||
First trial, 2009 (Cabbage) | |||||||
105 OBs/mL of MabrNPV + 5 μg/mL of GVPs | 147 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 1 | 0.55 | 0.459 |
105 OBs/mL of MabrNPV + 10 μg/mL of GVPs | 102 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 4.7 | |||
Second trial, 2009 (Broccoli) | |||||||
105 OBs/mL of MabrNPV + 5 μg/mL of GVPs | 197 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 1 | 1.77 | 0.184 |
105 OBs/mL of MabrNPV + 10 μg/mL of GVPs | 207 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 4.2 |
Treatment (Crop) | No. of Observation 1 | 50% Emergence (Days) 2 | 95% CL | Parametric Survival Analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredients of Formulations | Lower | Upper | df | G | p | ||
Second trial, 2008 (Cabbage) | |||||||
Control | 23 | 3.1 a | 2.47 | 3.90 | |||
105 OBs/mL of MabrNPV alone | 16 | 2.1 a | 1.56 | 2.70 | 2 | 5.06 | 0.080 |
105 OBs/mL of MabrNPV + 10 μg/mL of GVPs | 10 | 2.4 a | 1.72 | 3.43 | |||
First trial, 2009 (Cabbage) | |||||||
Control | 102 | 6.2 a 3 | 5.9 | 6.4 | |||
105 OBs/mL of MabrNPV + 5 μg/mL of GVPs | 50 | 6.5 ab | 6.2 | 6.7 | 2 | 12.37 | 0.002 |
105 OBs/mL of MabrNPV + 10 μg/mL of GVPs | 56 | 6.9 b | 6.6 | 7.3 |
3.2. Field Trial in 2009
4. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Goto, C.; Mukawa, S.; Mitsunaga, T. Two Year Field Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Mamestra brassicae Nucleopolyhedrovirus Combined with Proteins Derived from Xestia c-nigrum Granulovirus. Viruses 2015, 7, 1062-1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7031062
Goto C, Mukawa S, Mitsunaga T. Two Year Field Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Mamestra brassicae Nucleopolyhedrovirus Combined with Proteins Derived from Xestia c-nigrum Granulovirus. Viruses. 2015; 7(3):1062-1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7031062
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoto, Chie, Shigeyuki Mukawa, and Takayuki Mitsunaga. 2015. "Two Year Field Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Mamestra brassicae Nucleopolyhedrovirus Combined with Proteins Derived from Xestia c-nigrum Granulovirus" Viruses 7, no. 3: 1062-1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7031062