Mechanisms of Coronavirus Cell Entry Mediated by the Viral Spike Protein
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Genus | Species | Receptor | |
---|---|---|---|
Alphacoronavirus | • Alphacoronavirus 1 comprising: | ||
Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) serotype 2 | Aminopeptidase N | ||
Canine Coronavirus (CCoV) serotype 2 | Aminopeptidase N | ||
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) | Aminopeptidase N | ||
• Human coronavirus 229E | Aminopeptidase N | ||
• Human coronavirus NL63 | ACE2 | ||
• Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Coronavirus (PEDV) | Aminopeptidase N | ||
• Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2 | |||
• Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512/05 | |||
• Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1 | |||
• Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8 | |||
Betacoronavirus | • Betacoronavirus 1 comprising: | ||
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) | Neu 5,9 Ac2 | ||
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) | Neu 5,9 Ac2 | ||
Equine coronavirus (ECoV) | |||
Human enteric coronavirus (HECoV) | |||
Porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) | |||
Canine respiratory coronavirus (CrCoV) | |||
• Murine coronavirus comprising: | |||
Existing species of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) | CEACAM1 | ||
Rat coronavirus | |||
Puffinosis virus | |||
• Human coronavirus HKU9 | |||
• Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU4 | |||
• Tylonycteris bat coronvirus HKU5 | |||
• SARSr-CoV (SARS related Coronavirus) comprising | |||
Human SARS-CoV | ACE2 | ||
Rhinolophus bat viruses | |||
Gamma-coronavirus | • Avian coronavirus comprising: | ||
IBV Various coronaviruses infecting turkey, pheasant, duck, goose and pigeon | |||
• Beluga Whale coronavirus SW1 | |||
Delta-coronavirus | • Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 | ||
• Thrush coronavirus HKU12 | |||
• Munia coronavirus HKU13 |
2. Spike Protein
3. Receptor Binding and Tropism
4. Entry and Fusion
Protease | Cleavage site | Cell-cell fusion | Virus Entry |
---|---|---|---|
Cathepsin L [72,79] | S1/S2 HTVSLLRSTSQKSIVAYTMSL | - | + |
Elastase [74,85] | S2’ LPDPLKPTKRSFIEDLLFNKV | + | + |
HAT (TMPRSS11d) [84] | S1/S2 HTVSLLRSTSQKSIVAYTMSL | + | - |
Plasmin [82] | S1/S2 HTVSLLRSTSQKSIVAYTMSL S2’ LPDPLKPTKRSFIEDLLFNKV | n.d. | + |
TMPRSS11a [82] | S1/S2 HTVSLLRSTSQKSIVAYTMSL S2’ LPDPLKPTKRSFIEDLLFNKV | n.d. | + |
TMPRSS2 [81,83,84] | Multiple sites | + | + |
Trypsin [7373,75] | S1/S2 HTVSLLRSTSQKSIVAYTMSL S2’ LPDPLKPTKRSFIEDLLFNKV | + | + |
5. Fusion Peptide
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References and Notes
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Belouzard, S.; Millet, J.K.; Licitra, B.N.; Whittaker, G.R. Mechanisms of Coronavirus Cell Entry Mediated by the Viral Spike Protein. Viruses 2012, 4, 1011-1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/v4061011
Belouzard S, Millet JK, Licitra BN, Whittaker GR. Mechanisms of Coronavirus Cell Entry Mediated by the Viral Spike Protein. Viruses. 2012; 4(6):1011-1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/v4061011
Chicago/Turabian StyleBelouzard, Sandrine, Jean K. Millet, Beth N. Licitra, and Gary R. Whittaker. 2012. "Mechanisms of Coronavirus Cell Entry Mediated by the Viral Spike Protein" Viruses 4, no. 6: 1011-1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/v4061011