Long-Term Genomic Surveillance and Immune Escape of SARS-CoV-2 in the Republic of Korea, with a Focus on JN.1-Derived Variants
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Clinical Specimens and RNA Extraction
2.2. Whole-Genome Sequencing
2.3. Genetic Diversity Analysis
2.4. Phylogenetic Analysis
2.5. Virus Isolation
2.6. Animal Study
2.7. Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test
3. Results
3.1. Distribution of Variants in the Republic of Korea
3.2. Genetic Diversity of Variant Genomes
3.3. Phylogenetic Analysis of Variants
3.4. Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
COVID-19 | coronavirus disease 2019 |
DMEM | Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium |
GMT | geometric mean titer |
KDCA | Korean Disease Control and Prevention Agency |
K-RISS | Korean Respiratory Virus Integrated Surveillance System |
PFU | plaque-forming units |
PRNT50 | 50% plaque reduction neutralization titer |
RT-PCR | real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction |
SARS-CoV-2 | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 |
VOC | variant of concern |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Kim, I.-H.; Lee, E.J.; No, J.S.; Noh, J.Y.; Lee, C.Y.; O, S.W.; Choi, Y.J.; Kim, J.-A.; An, B.M.; Nam, J.-H.; et al. Long-Term Genomic Surveillance and Immune Escape of SARS-CoV-2 in the Republic of Korea, with a Focus on JN.1-Derived Variants. Viruses 2025, 17, 1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091202
Kim I-H, Lee EJ, No JS, Noh JY, Lee CY, O SW, Choi YJ, Kim J-A, An BM, Nam J-H, et al. Long-Term Genomic Surveillance and Immune Escape of SARS-CoV-2 in the Republic of Korea, with a Focus on JN.1-Derived Variants. Viruses. 2025; 17(9):1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091202
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Il-Hwan, Eun Ju Lee, Jin Sun No, Ji Yeong Noh, Chae Young Lee, Sang Won O, Yong Jun Choi, Jeong-Ah Kim, Bo Min An, Jeong-Hyun Nam, and et al. 2025. "Long-Term Genomic Surveillance and Immune Escape of SARS-CoV-2 in the Republic of Korea, with a Focus on JN.1-Derived Variants" Viruses 17, no. 9: 1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091202
APA StyleKim, I.-H., Lee, E. J., No, J. S., Noh, J. Y., Lee, C. Y., O, S. W., Choi, Y. J., Kim, J.-A., An, B. M., Nam, J.-H., Kim, J.-M., Rhee, J. E., & Kim, E.-J. (2025). Long-Term Genomic Surveillance and Immune Escape of SARS-CoV-2 in the Republic of Korea, with a Focus on JN.1-Derived Variants. Viruses, 17(9), 1202. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091202