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Volume 16
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10.3390/v16010010
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Article

Impact of Protease Inhibitor-Based Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Fetal Subcutaneous Fat Tissue in HIV-Pregnant Women in a Middle-Income Country

by
Hector Borboa-Olivares
1,*,†,
Guadalupe Estrada-Gutierrez
2,†,
Raigam Jafet Martinez-Portilla
3,
Salvador Espino-y-Sosa
3,
Arturo Flores-Pliego
4,
Aurora Espejel-Nuñez
4,
Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
5,
Juan Mario Solis-Paredes
3,
Jose Rafael Villafan-Bernal
6 and
Johnatan Torres-Torres
3,*
1
Community Interventions Research Branch, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
2
Research Direction, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
3
Clinical Research Branch, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
4
Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
5
Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
6
Laboratory of Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Viruses 2024, 16(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16010010
Submission received: 14 November 2023 / Revised: 17 December 2023 / Accepted: 18 December 2023 / Published: 20 December 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art HIV and HTLV Research in Latin America)
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Abstract

Background: HIV infection continues to be a global public health challenge, affecting approximately 1.7 million reproductive-aged women. Protease inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy (PI-HAART) has significantly reduced the risk of vertical transmission of HIV from mother to child. Nevertheless, concerns linger regarding the long-term effects, particularly on body composition, notably subcutaneous fat tissue (SFT). Although HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (LS) has been well documented in adults and older children, its impact on fetuses exposed to PI-HAART remains underexplored. This study aims to evaluate SFT in the fetuses of HIV-pregnant women exposed to PI-HAART, assessing the potential clinical implications. Methods: We conducted a comparative study between HIV-pregnant women receiving PI-HAART and an HIV-negative control group. Fetometry measurements were obtained via 3D ultrasound. SFT in the fetal arm and thigh segments was assessed. Data were analyzed using lineal multivariate regression and receiver-operating characteristics (ROC)-curve analysis. Results: Fetuses exposed to PI-HAART exhibited a significant reduction in subcutaneous fat, particularly in the proximal third-middle union of the femur (coefficient: −2.588, p = 0.042). This reduction was correlated with lower newborn serum glucose levels (65.7 vs. 56.1, p = 0.007; coefficient: −1.277, p = 0.045). Conclusions: Our study sheds light on the connection between PI-HAART, fetal subcutaneous fat, and neonatal health. These findings might reveal the long-lasting effects of PI-HAART on newborns and children’s well-being. Our results emphasize the need for a more balanced approach to managing pregnant women with HIV in developing countries and open new venues for research on the impact of intrauterine PI-HAART exposure on energy metabolism and fetal programming.
Keywords: HIV-pregnant women; protease inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy; subcutaneous fat tissue; neonatal glycemia; fetal fat redistribution HIV-pregnant women; protease inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy; subcutaneous fat tissue; neonatal glycemia; fetal fat redistribution

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MDPI and ACS Style

Borboa-Olivares, H.; Estrada-Gutierrez, G.; Martinez-Portilla, R.J.; Espino-y-Sosa, S.; Flores-Pliego, A.; Espejel-Nuñez, A.; Camacho-Arroyo, I.; Solis-Paredes, J.M.; Villafan-Bernal, J.R.; Torres-Torres, J. Impact of Protease Inhibitor-Based Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Fetal Subcutaneous Fat Tissue in HIV-Pregnant Women in a Middle-Income Country. Viruses 2024, 16, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16010010

AMA Style

Borboa-Olivares H, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Martinez-Portilla RJ, Espino-y-Sosa S, Flores-Pliego A, Espejel-Nuñez A, Camacho-Arroyo I, Solis-Paredes JM, Villafan-Bernal JR, Torres-Torres J. Impact of Protease Inhibitor-Based Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Fetal Subcutaneous Fat Tissue in HIV-Pregnant Women in a Middle-Income Country. Viruses. 2024; 16(1):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16010010

Chicago/Turabian Style

Borboa-Olivares, Hector, Guadalupe Estrada-Gutierrez, Raigam Jafet Martinez-Portilla, Salvador Espino-y-Sosa, Arturo Flores-Pliego, Aurora Espejel-Nuñez, Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo, Juan Mario Solis-Paredes, Jose Rafael Villafan-Bernal, and Johnatan Torres-Torres. 2024. "Impact of Protease Inhibitor-Based Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Fetal Subcutaneous Fat Tissue in HIV-Pregnant Women in a Middle-Income Country" Viruses 16, no. 1: 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16010010

APA Style

Borboa-Olivares, H., Estrada-Gutierrez, G., Martinez-Portilla, R. J., Espino-y-Sosa, S., Flores-Pliego, A., Espejel-Nuñez, A., Camacho-Arroyo, I., Solis-Paredes, J. M., Villafan-Bernal, J. R., & Torres-Torres, J. (2024). Impact of Protease Inhibitor-Based Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Fetal Subcutaneous Fat Tissue in HIV-Pregnant Women in a Middle-Income Country. Viruses, 16(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16010010

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