Evidence of Rift Valley Fever Virus Circulation in Livestock and Herders in Southern Ghana
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Target Population and Sample Size
2.3. Sampling-Farms and Livestock
2.4. Variables Measured
2.5. Blood Sampling and Laboratory Analyses
2.6. Human Serosurvey
2.7. Data Analysis
2.8. Ethics Clearance
3. Results
3.1. Farm Characteristics
3.2. Breeds and Flock Sizes
3.3. Seroprevalence in Ruminants
3.4. District and Farm-Specific Prevalence of RVFV
3.5. Seroprevalence in Ruminant Herders
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factor | N | Overall Prevalence (%) | p-Value | District-Specific Prevalence | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ga South | Kwahu East | |||||||||
n | Prevalence (%) | p-Value | n | Prevalence (%) | p-Value | |||||
All species | 719 | 13.1 | 187 | 6.4 | 532 | 15.4 | ||||
Species | 0.001 | 0.003 | <0.001 | |||||||
Cattle | 216 | 24.5 | 87 | 12.6 | 129 | 32.6 | ||||
Goat | 252 | 7.9 | 45 | 2.2 | 207 | 9.2 | ||||
Sheep | 251 | 8.4 | 55 | 196 | 10.7 | |||||
Farm type | 0.314 | 0.054 | 0.323 | |||||||
Mixed | 304 | 11.5 | 100 | 8.0 | 204 | 13.2 | ||||
Single-species | 415 | 14.2 | 87 | 4.6 | 328 | 16.8 | ||||
Feeding practice | <0.001 | 0.054 | <0.001 | |||||||
Cut and carry | 52 | 17.3 | 15 | 6.7 | 37 | 21.6 | ||||
Grazing | 333 | 18.0 | 100 | 10.0 | 233 | 21.5 | ||||
Mixed | 334 | 7.5 | 72 | 1.4 | 262 | 9.1 | ||||
Sleeping place at night | 0.453 | 0.005 | 0.489 | |||||||
Enclosed | 528 | 12.5 | 130 | 3.1 | 398 | 15.6 | ||||
Open field | 191 | 14.7 | 57 | 14.0 | 134 | 14.3 | ||||
Sex | 0.032 | 0.541 | 0.150 | |||||||
Female | 531 | 14.7 | 119 | 7.6 | 412 | 16.8 | ||||
Male | 188 | 8.5 | 68 | 4.4 | 120 | 10.8 | ||||
Age (months) | 0.022 | 0.019 | 0.378 | |||||||
≤18 | 213 | 9.4 | 88 | 3.4 | 125 | 13.6 | ||||
19–29 | 107 | 8.4 | 21 | 0.0 | 86 | 10.5 | ||||
30–39 | 177 | 14.1 | 44 | 6.8 | 133 | 16.5 | ||||
≥40 | 222 | 18.0 | 34 | 17.7 | 188 | 18.1 | ||||
Husbandry practice | 0.463 | 1.000 | 0.954 | |||||||
Extensive | 106 | 16.0 | 0 | - | 106 | 16.0 | ||||
Semi intensive | 597 | 12.7 | 179 | 6.7 | 418 | 15.3 | ||||
Intensive | 16 | 6.3 | 8 | 0.0 | 8 | 12.5 |
Factor | Prevalence Ratio [95% CI] | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
District | |||
Ga South | 1 * | ||
Kwahu East | 3.2 [1.8–5.5] | <0.001 | |
Species | |||
Cattle | 1 * | ||
Goat | 0.3 [0.1–0.4] | <0.001 | |
Sheep | 0.3 [0.2–0.5] | <0.001 | |
Feeding | |||
Cut and carry | 1 * | ||
Grazing | 0.5 [0.2–0.9] | 0.024 | |
Mixed | 0.3 [0.1–0.6] | 0.002 |
Factor | n | RVFV Seroprevalence (%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
District | 0.015 | |||
Ga South | 32 | 3.1 | ||
Kwahu East | 125 | 21.6 | ||
Gender | 0.050 | |||
Female | 53 | 9.4 | ||
Male | 104 | 22.1 | ||
Age | 0.860 | |||
≤30 | 18 | 22.2 | ||
31–40 | 45 | 17.8 | ||
41–50 | 53 | 15.1 | ||
≥50 | 41 | 19.5 | ||
Assist in delivery | 0.869 | |||
No | 80 | 16.3 | ||
Yes | 77 | 19.5 | ||
Abortion on farm | 0.828 | |||
No | 56 | 16.1 | ||
Yes | 101 | 18.8 | ||
Live near livestock | 0.839 | |||
No | 70 | 17.1 | ||
Yes | 87 | 18.4 | ||
Presence of flies on farm | 0.363 | |||
No | 7 | 28.6 | ||
Yes | 150 | 17.3 | ||
Farm RVFV status | 0.837 | |||
Negative | 82 | 17.1 | ||
Positive | 75 | 18.7 |
Factor | Prevalence Ratio [95% CI] | p-Value |
---|---|---|
District | ||
Ga South | 1 * | |
Kwahu East | 7.5 [1.1–52.8] | 0.043 |
Gender | ||
Female | 1 * | |
Male | 2.5 [1.0–6.3] | 0.041 |
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Johnson, S.A.M.; Asmah, R.; Awuni, J.A.; Tasiame, W.; Mensah, G.I.; Paweska, J.T.; Weyer, J.; Hellferscee, O.; Thompson, P.N. Evidence of Rift Valley Fever Virus Circulation in Livestock and Herders in Southern Ghana. Viruses 2023, 15, 1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061346
Johnson SAM, Asmah R, Awuni JA, Tasiame W, Mensah GI, Paweska JT, Weyer J, Hellferscee O, Thompson PN. Evidence of Rift Valley Fever Virus Circulation in Livestock and Herders in Southern Ghana. Viruses. 2023; 15(6):1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061346
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohnson, Sherry Ama Mawuko, Richard Asmah, Joseph Adongo Awuni, William Tasiame, Gloria Ivy Mensah, Janusz T. Paweska, Jacqueline Weyer, Orienka Hellferscee, and Peter N. Thompson. 2023. "Evidence of Rift Valley Fever Virus Circulation in Livestock and Herders in Southern Ghana" Viruses 15, no. 6: 1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15061346