Oncolytic Viruses for Malignant Glioma: On the Verge of Success?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current Treatment Options for Malignant Glioma
2.1. Standard Therapy: Surgery and Chemoradiation
2.2. Immunotherapy
2.3. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy
2.4. Vaccines
3. Oncolytic Virotherapy for Malignant Glioma
3.1. Oncolytic Herpesvirus
Virus | Modification | Phase | Status | Reference | Route of Delivery | Results | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HSV-1 | G207 | Deletions at both γ134.5 and ICP6 genes | I & II | Completed | NCT00028158 [53] | i.t./tumor resection cavity | No toxicity or serious adverse events. |
Ib | Completed | [52] | i.t. | No neurological adverse events after multiple virus dosages. | |||
I | Active, not recruiting | NCT02457845 | i.t. | ||||
II | Not yet recruiting | NCT04482933 | i.t. | ||||
G47Δ | G207 with triple mutations | I-IIa | Completed | UMIN000002661 (Japan) | i.t. | No toxicity or serious adverse events. | |
II | Ongoing | UMIN000015995 (Japan) | i.t. | No toxicity with 1-year survival rate of 92.3% in 13 patients. | |||
rQNestin34.5v.2 | Glioma-selective transcriptional regulator for expression of ICP34.5 | I | Recruiting | NCT03152318 | i.t. | ||
HSV-1 | M032 | Deletions at both γ34.5; expression of human IL-12 | I | Recruiting | NCT02062827 | i.t. | |
C134 | Deletions at both γ34.5; Expression of HMCV IRS1 gene | I | Active, not recruiting | NCT03657576 | i.t. | ||
HSV-1716 | Deletion of both copies of RL1-gene-encoding ICP34.5 protein | I | Completed | [58] | i.t. | No adverse effects with 4 out of 9 patients surviving 14–24 months after virotherapy. | |
I | Completed | [59] | Tumor resection cavity | No toxicity with 3 out of 12 patients surviving over a year. | |||
I | Terminated | NCT02031965 | i.t. | NA | |||
Adeno-virus | DNX-2401 | Deletion of 24 base pairs from E1A; expression of RGD peptide motif | I | Completed | NCT00805376 [22] | i.t. | No dose-limiting virus toxicities reported with enhanced long-term survival and T cell response to tumors. |
I | Active, not recruiting | NCT03178032 | Tumor resection cavity | ||||
Adeno-virus | DNX-2401 | Deletion of 24 base pairs from E1A; Expression of arginine-glycine-aspartate peptide motif BM-hMSCs loaded with the DNX-2401DNX-2401 + Pembrolizumab | I | Completed | NCT01582516 | i.t. | NA |
I | Completed | NCT01956734 | i.t. | NA | |||
I | Completed | NCT02197169 | i.t. | NA | |||
I | Recruiting | NCT03896568 | i.a. | ||||
II | Active, not recruiting | NCT02798406 | i.t. | ||||
DNX-2440 | DNX-2401 expressing OX40L | I | Recruiting | NCT03714334 | i.t. | ||
NSC-CRAd-Survivin-pk7 | E1A expression under the control of human Survivin promoter; NSCs loaded with CRAd-survivin-pk7 | I | Active, not recruiting | NCT03072134 | i.t. | ||
ONYX-015 | E1B-attenuated adenovirus | I | Completed | [60] | Tumor resection cavity | No serious adverse effects with 1010 pfu of virus; among 24 patients, 1 patient each showed no progression and regression. | |
Vaccinia | TG6002 | Deletions of TK and 14L; expression of transgene FCU1 | I/II | Recruiting | NCT03294486 | i.v. | |
Reovirus | Reolysin | None | I | Completed | NCT00528684 | i.t. | No dose-limiting toxicity even with the highest does of 1X1010 TCID50. |
I | Completed | [61] | i.t. | No high-grade adverse effects. One and 10 out of 12 patients had a stable and progressive disease, respectively. | |||
Ib | Completed | [62] | i.v. | Reovirus is capable of infecting glioma tumors when injected i.v. and increases cytotoxic T cell infiltration in tumors. | |||
Reovirus + Sargramostim | I | Active, not recruiting | NCT02444546 | i.v. | |||
Parvovirus H-1 | H-1PV | I/II | Completed | NCT01301430 [63] | i.v. or i.t. + tumor resection cavity | Virus was safe and well-tolerated. Induced cytotoxic T cell response. | |
I/IIa | Completed | [64] | i.t./i.v. | Enhanced immune response and improved median survival. | |||
Poliovirus | PVSRIPO | Poliovirus IRES switched with HRV2 IRES | I | Recruiting | NCT03043391 | i.t. | |
I | Active, not recruiting | NCT01491893 | i.t. | Improved survival rate with no neurovirulence. | |||
II | Active, not recruiting | NCT02986178 | i.t. | ||||
Measles Virus | MV-CEA | Measles virus expressing CEA | I | Completed | NCT00390299 | Tumor resection cavity | NA |
Retroviral vector | Toca511 | Replicating retroviral vector expressing cytosine deaminase | I | Completed | NCT01470794 | Tumor resection cavity | Durable response rate in subgroup of malignant glioma patients. |
I | Completed | NCT01156584 | i.t/i.v. | NA | |||
II & III | Terminated | NCT02414165 | Tumor resection cavity | Failed to improve survival and meet other efficacy endpoints. | |||
Newcastle disease virus | NDV-HUJ strain | Mutation at F1-F2 junction | I/II | Completed | [65] | i.v. | No severe toxicity with complete remission in 1 patient. |
MTH-68/H | I | Completed | [66] | i.v. | No adverse effects with improved survival of 4–9 years in 4 patients. |
3.2. Oncolytic Adenovirus
3.3. Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus
3.4. Oncolytic Reovirus
3.5. Oncolytic Parvovirus
3.6. Oncolytic Poliovirus
3.7. Oncolytic Measles Virus
3.8. Oncolytic Retrovial Vector Toca511
3.9. Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus
4. Challenges in Treating Malignant Glioma with Oncolytic Virus
4.1. Getting Beyond the Blood–Brain Barrier
4.2. Changing the Tumor Landscape: From Cold to Hot
4.3. Innate Immunity and Oncolytic Viruses
4.4. Overcoming Immune Checkpoint Mediated Immune Resistance
4.5. Tumor Heterogeneity and Oncolytic Viruses
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Suryawanshi, Y.R.; Schulze, A.J. Oncolytic Viruses for Malignant Glioma: On the Verge of Success? Viruses 2021, 13, 1294. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13071294
Suryawanshi YR, Schulze AJ. Oncolytic Viruses for Malignant Glioma: On the Verge of Success? Viruses. 2021; 13(7):1294. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13071294
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuryawanshi, Yogesh R., and Autumn J. Schulze. 2021. "Oncolytic Viruses for Malignant Glioma: On the Verge of Success?" Viruses 13, no. 7: 1294. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13071294
APA StyleSuryawanshi, Y. R., & Schulze, A. J. (2021). Oncolytic Viruses for Malignant Glioma: On the Verge of Success? Viruses, 13(7), 1294. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13071294