Detection of Tioman Virus in Pteropus vampyrus Near Flores, Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
PCR, Next Generation Sequencing and Sequence Analysis
3. Results/Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Sampling Location | Site Code | No. bats | Kidney | Liver | Lung | Oral Swab | Rectal Swab | Small Intestine |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acerodon celebensis | Central Sulawesi | A1 | 6 | - | 6 | - | - | 3 | - |
Acerodon celebensis | Gorontalo | B | 6 | - | 6 | 2 | 4 | 2 | - |
Acerodon mackloti | Lombok | M | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
Chironax melanocephalus | Central Sulawesi | A2 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
Cynopterus sp. | Central Sulawesi | A2 | 5 | - | 4 | - | - | 2 | - |
Dobsonia cf. peronii | Lombok | M | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
Dobsonia moluccensis | Maluku | H | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
Dobsonia sp. | Seram, Maluku | G | 2 | - | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | - |
Dobsonia viridis | Maluku | H | 3 | - | 3 | - | - | 2 | - |
Eonycteris spelaea | West Kalimantan | I | 2 | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
Macroglossus minimus | Central Sulawesi | A2 | 2 | - | 2 | - | - | 1 | - |
Macroglossus minimus | Seram, Maluku | H | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
Nyctimene sp. | Seram, Maluku | G,H | 6 | - | 2 | - | 4 | 4 | - |
Pteropus alecto | Central Sulawesi | A1 | 12 | - | 11 | 4 | 2 | 5 | - |
Pteropus alecto | Gorontalo | B | 4 | - | 4 | - | 2 | 1 | - |
Pteropus chrysoproctus | Seram, Maluku | H | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Pteropus hypomelanus | East Java | E | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | 3 | 2 |
Pteropus hypomelanus | Sangihe Islands | P | 3 | - | 3 | - | 3 | 2 | - |
Pteropus lombocensis | Lombok | M | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Pteropus ocularis | Seram, Maluku | F | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Pteropus temminckii | Seram Maluku | F,G | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Pteropus vampyrus | Bali | O | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
Pteropus vampyrus | East Java | E | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Pteropus vampyrus | Flores | K | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Pteropus vampyrus | South Sumatra | J | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Pteropus vampyrus | West Java | C | 4 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
Pteropus vampyrus | West Kalimantan | I | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Pteropus vampyrus | Sumbawa | L | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Rousettus amplexicaudatus | Seram, Maluku | H | 2 | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
Rousettus celebensis | Central Sulawesi | A2 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
Rousettus linduensis | Central Sulawesi | A2 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
Rousettus sp. | Central Sulawesi | A2 | 4 | - | 3 | - | - | 2 | - |
Syconycteris australis | Seram, Maluku | G,H | 4 | - | 2 | - | 2 | 3 | - |
Total | 95 | 23 | 81 | 29 | 47 | 59 | 23 |
Taxon | Forward Unpaired Reads | Reverse Unpaired Reads | Forward Paired Reads | Reverse Paired Reads | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eukaryota | 4,569,303 (78.7%) | 803,357 (82.0%) | 27,331,682 (85.3%) | 27,643,874 (86.3%) | 60,348,216 (85.0%) |
Vertebrata | 4,436,518 (75.3%) | 788,376 (80.5%) | 26,699,724 (83.3%) | 27,103,904 (84.6%) | 59,028,522 (83.2%) |
Platyhelminthes | 5949 (0.1%) | 111 (<0.1%) | 28,122 (<0.1%) | 5914 (<0.1%) | 40,096 (<0.1%) |
Bacteria | 93,262 (1.6%) | 11,778 (1.2%) | 516,241 (1.6%) | 507,629 (1.6%) | 1128,910 (1.6%) |
Fungi | 76 (<0.1%) | 5 (<0.1%) | 392 (<0.1%) | 355 (<0.1%) | 828 (<0.1%) |
Viruses | 446 (<0.1%) | 79 (<0.1%) | 2293 (<0.1%) | 2230 (<0.1%) | 5048 (<0.1%) |
Herpesvirales | 3 (<0.1%) | 0 (0%) | 72 (<0.1%) | 52 (<0.1%) | 127 (<0.1%) |
Retroviridae | 97 (<0.1%) | 28 (<0.1%) | 889 (<0.1%) | 893 (<0.1%) | 1907 (<0.1%) |
Poxviridae | 2 (<0.1%) | 1 (<0.1%) | 16 (<0.1%) | 16 (<0.1%) | 35 (<0.1%) |
Paramyxoviridae | 5 (<0.1%) | 4 (<0.1%) | 70 (<0.1%) | 68 (<0.1%) | 147 (<0.1%) |
Not assigned | 1,011,911 (17.2%) | 127,330 (13.0%) | 2,916,552 (9.1%) | 2,586,915 (8.1%) | 6,645,708 (9.4%) |
Total Reads | 5,890,265 | 979,360 | 32,056,464 | 32,030,156 | 70,956,245 |
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Tsang, S.M.; Low, D.H.W.; Wiantoro, S.; Smith, I.; Jayakumar, J.; Simmons, N.B.; Vijaykrishna, D.; Lohman, D.J.; Mendenhall, I.H. Detection of Tioman Virus in Pteropus vampyrus Near Flores, Indonesia. Viruses 2021, 13, 563. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13040563
Tsang SM, Low DHW, Wiantoro S, Smith I, Jayakumar J, Simmons NB, Vijaykrishna D, Lohman DJ, Mendenhall IH. Detection of Tioman Virus in Pteropus vampyrus Near Flores, Indonesia. Viruses. 2021; 13(4):563. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13040563
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsang, Susan M., Dolyce H. W. Low, Sigit Wiantoro, Ina Smith, Jayanthi Jayakumar, Nancy B. Simmons, Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna, David J. Lohman, and Ian H. Mendenhall. 2021. "Detection of Tioman Virus in Pteropus vampyrus Near Flores, Indonesia" Viruses 13, no. 4: 563. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13040563