Potential of an Eco-Sustainable Probiotic-Cleaning Formulation in Reducing Infectivity of Enveloped Viruses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Probiotic-Based Detergent
2.2. Viruses and Cells
2.3. Antiviral Activity: Suspension Tests
2.4. Antiviral Activity: Surface Tests
2.5. Analysis of Probiotic Enzymatic Activity
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. PCHS Antiviral Activity in Suspension
3.2. PCHS Antiviral Activity on Surface
3.3. Enzymatic Activity of PCHS-Probiotics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Virus | Strain | Target Cells |
---|---|---|
modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) | ATCC VR-1508 | baby hamster kidney fibroblast BHK-21 cell line (ATCC CCL-10) |
herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) | ATCC VR-260 | monkey kidney fibroblast Vero-E6 cell line (ATCC CRL-1586) |
human alpha-coronavirus 229E (hCoV-229E) | ATCC VR-740 | human lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells (ATCC CCL-171) |
human beta-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 1 | // | monkey kidney fibroblast Vero-E6 cell line (ATCC CRL-1586) |
human H3N2 influenza virus 2 | A/Wisconsin/67/2005 | Madin-Darby Canine Kidney MDCK cell line (ATCC CCL-34) |
avian H10N1 influenza virus 2 | A/mallard/Italy/4518/2012 | Madin-Darby Canine Kidney MDCK cell line (ATCC CCL-34) |
swine H1N2 influenza virus 2 | A/swine/Italy/4159/2006 | Madin-Darby Canine Kidney MDCK cell line (ATCC CCL-34) |
Enzyme | B. subtilis | B. pumilus | B. megaterium |
---|---|---|---|
NTC Alkaline phosphatase Esterase | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 5 | 4 | |
4 | 4 | 2 | |
Esterase lipase Lipase | 4 | 4 | 2 |
0 | 0 | 0 | |
Leucine arylamidase Valine arylamidase Cysteine arylamidase Trypsin | 0 | 3 | 3 |
0 | 1 | 1 | |
0 | 0 | 0 | |
0 | 0 | 0 | |
α-chimotrypsin Acid phosphatase | 0 | 1 | 1 |
2 | 4 | 5 | |
Naphtol-phosphohydrolase | 1 | 1 | 2 |
α-galactosidase | 2 | 1 | 0 |
β-galactosidase | 0 | 4 | 2 |
β-glucuronidase | 0 | 0 | 0 |
α-glucosidase | 4 | 1 | 2 |
β-glucosidase | 5 | 5 | 1 |
N-acetyl-β-glucosamidase | 1 | 1 | 1 |
α-mannosidase | 0 | 3 | 0 |
α-fucosidase | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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D’Accolti, M.; Soffritti, I.; Bonfante, F.; Ricciardi, W.; Mazzacane, S.; Caselli, E. Potential of an Eco-Sustainable Probiotic-Cleaning Formulation in Reducing Infectivity of Enveloped Viruses. Viruses 2021, 13, 2227. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112227
D’Accolti M, Soffritti I, Bonfante F, Ricciardi W, Mazzacane S, Caselli E. Potential of an Eco-Sustainable Probiotic-Cleaning Formulation in Reducing Infectivity of Enveloped Viruses. Viruses. 2021; 13(11):2227. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112227
Chicago/Turabian StyleD’Accolti, Maria, Irene Soffritti, Francesco Bonfante, Walter Ricciardi, Sante Mazzacane, and Elisabetta Caselli. 2021. "Potential of an Eco-Sustainable Probiotic-Cleaning Formulation in Reducing Infectivity of Enveloped Viruses" Viruses 13, no. 11: 2227. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112227