Virus Diseases of Cereal and Oilseed Crops in Australia: Current Position and Future Challenges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background Information
2.1. Australian Cereals and Oilseeds Industries
2.2. Epidemiology
2.3. General Management Principles
2.4. Viruses Infecting Cereal and Oilseed Crops
2.5. Quantification of Yield Losses
3. Cereal Viruses
3.1. Yellow Dwarf Viruses
3.2. Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus
3.3. Johnsongrass Mosaic Virus
3.4. Other Cereal Viruses
3.5. Possible Occurrence of Soil-Borne Cereal Viruses
3.6. Recommendations for Further Research
4. Oilseed Viruses
4.1. Turnip Yellows Virus
4.2. Turnip Mosaic Virus
4.3. Tobacco Streak Virus
4.4. Cotton Bunchy Top Virus
4.5. Other Oilseed Viruses
4.6. Recommendations for Further Research
5. Future Threats to Virus Management
5.1. Biosecurity Threats
5.2. Threats from Vector Insecticide Resistance
5.3. Threats from Resistance Breaking Virus Strains
5.4. Climate Change Threats
5.5. Insufficient Industry Awareness
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Method | Measure | Selectivity | Primary Source (Xo) | Rate of Spread (r) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | High | External | Internal | Early | Late | ||
Phytosanitary, against virus | General hygiene | + | − | + | + | + | − |
Roguing | + | + | − | + | + | − | |
Healthy seed, seed sieving, seed therapy | + | − | − | + | + | − | |
Phytosanitary, against vector and virus | Weed control, soil solarization, fallowing | + | − | − | + | + | − |
Cultural | Isolation, safe planting distances | + | − | + | − | + | − |
Planting upwind, non-host barrier, large field size, windbreaks | + | − | + | − | + | − | |
Manipulate sowing date to avoid peak vector numbers | + | − | − | − | + | − | |
Mini7mum tillage, groundcover, mulches, reflective surfaces | + | − | − | − | + | − | |
Early canopy cover, high plant density, narrow row spacing | + | − | + | + | − | + | |
Early harvest, early maturing cultivar | + | − | − | − | − | + | |
Crop and weed free periods, single and phased rotations | + | − | + | + | + | − | |
Chemical, against vector | Specific, regular foliar applications (PTO) | − | + | − | − | + | + |
General, regular foliar applications (PTO) | + | − | − | − | + | + | |
Specific, seed dressings (PTO) | − | + | − | − | + | − | |
General, seed dressings (PTO) | + | − | − | − | + | − | |
Specific, in furrow or soil before or directly after planting (PTO) | − | + | − | − | + | − | |
General, in furrow or soil before or directly after planting (PTO) | + | − | − | − | + | − | |
Natural host resistance, against virus | Partial, polygenic | − | + | − | − | + | (+) |
Strain-specific, single gene, resistance-breaking strain absent | − | + | − | − | + | + | |
Extreme resistance, single gene | − | + | − | − | + | + | |
Natural host resistance, against vector | Partial, polygenic | − | + | − | − | + | (+) |
Specific, single gene, resistance-breaking vector race absent | − | + | − | − | + | (+) |
Crop Type | Virus | Virus Genus | Crops Affected | Main Foliage Symptoms | Vector | Seed Transmission | Maximum % Yield Loss Recorded | Seed Quality Defect | Region Recorded in a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cereal | Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) | Luteovirus | Barley, wheat, oats, triticale, rye | Chlorosis, reddening, stunting | Aphids | No | 80% | Shriveled grain, reduced seed size, weight and protein content | STE, MED, TE |
Cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV) | Polerovirus | Barley, wheat, oats, triticale, rye | Chlorosis, reddening, stunting | Aphids | No | No data | No data | STE, MED, TE | |
Johnsongrass mosaic virus (JGMV) | Potyvirus | Maize, sweet corn, sorghum, pearl millet | Mosaic, reddening, necrosis, stunting | Aphids | Yes | 92% | Reduced size | TN, STE | |
Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) | Tritimovirus | Wheat | Mosaic, chlorosis, streaking, stunting | Mites | Yes | 83% | Shriveled grain | STE, MED, TE | |
Oilseed | Cotton bunchy top virus (CBTV) | Polerovirus | Cottonseed | Mosaic, deformation, stunting | Aphids | No | 100% | No data | TN, STE |
Tobacco streak virus (TSV) | Ilarvirus | Peanut, safflower, soybean, sunflower | Chlorosis, deformation, necrosis, stunting, plant death | Thrips | No | 70% | Reduced size | TN, STE, TE | |
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) | Potyvirus | Canola, Indian mustard | Mosaic, stunting | Aphids | No | 84% | Reduced size | STE, MED, TE | |
Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) | Polerovirus | Canola, Indian mustard | Chlorosis, reddening, stunting | Aphids | No | 46% | Fewer seeds, reduced oil content, increased erucic acid, glucosinolates | STE, MED, TE |
Crop Type | Virus | Virus Genus | Crops Affected | Main Foliage Symptoms | Vector | Seed Transmission | Maximum % Seed Yield Loss Recorded | Seed Quality Defect | Region Recorded in a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cereal | Barley stripe mosaic virus | Hordeivrus | Barley, wheat, rye | Stripey mosaic, sometimes necrotic | Contact only | Yes | 35% | Reduced size | STE, MED, TE |
Barley virus G | Polerovirus | Barley, pearl millet | Mosaic, yellow striping, necrosis | Aphid | No | No data | No data | TE | |
Barley yellow striate mosaic virus (Synonym: Cereal striate mosaic virus, maize sterile stunt virus) | Nucleorhabdovirus | Barley, maize, wheat, oats, rye | Chlorotic stipes, mosaic, reddening, stunting, sterility | Planthopper | No | No data | No data | TE, STE | |
Cereal chlorotic mottle virus | Nucleorhabdovirus | Barley, maize, wheat, oats, rye | Chlorotic stipes, stunting and sterility | Leafhopper | No | No data | No data | TE, STE | |
Chloris striate mosaic virus (Synonym: Wheat striate mosaic) | Mastrevirus | Barley, oats, maize, wheat | Chlorotic steaking, striate mosaic, stunting | Leafhopper | No | No data | No data | TE, STE | |
High plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV) | Emravairus | Wheat, maize | Mosaic, chlorosis, streaking, stunting | Mites | Yes | No data, | No data, | STE, MED | |
Maize stripe virus | Tenuivirus | Maize, sweet corn, sorghum | Chlorotic stripes, apical bending, stunting, premature death | Planthopper | No | 76% | No data | TN, STE, MED, TE | |
Maize yellow dwarf virus (MYDV) | Polerovirus | Maize, sweet corn, barley, oats, wheat | Chlorosis, reddening, stunting | Aphids | No | No data, | No data, | STE, MED, TE | |
Sugarcane mosaic virus (SMV) | Potyvirus | Maize, sorghum, pearl millet | Mosaic, ringspots, necrosis | Aphid | No | N/A | N/A | TN, STE | |
Oilseed | Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) | Alfamovirus | Soybean | Mosaic, yellow spotting, stunting | Aphid | Yes | 48% | Fewer mottled seeds | STE, MED, TE |
Broccoli necrotic yellows virus (BNYV) | Cytorhabdovirus | Canola | Asymptomatic | Aphid | No | No data | No data | STE, TE | |
Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) | Orthotospovirus | Peanut | Mottle, necrotic spotting, reduced internode length, terminal growing points wilt and die | Thrips | No | No data | No data | TN, STE | |
Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) | Caulimovirus | Canola, Indian mustard | Vein clearing, vein banding, chlorotic rings, mosaic | Aphids | No | 90% | Reduced size | STE, MED, TE | |
Cowpea mild mottle virus (CpMMV) | Calarvirus | Soybean | Mosaic, leaf distortion, stunting, pod distortion, fewer pods | Whitefly | Yes | 16% | Reduced size | STE | |
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) | Cucumovirus | Sunflower | Mosaic, chlorotic rings, brown streaking of petioles and stems, stunting | Aphid | No data | No data | Shriveled seed | STE | |
Glycine mosaic virus (GlMV) | Comovirus | Soybean | Mosaic | No data | No data | No data | No data | STE | |
Lucerne Australian latent virus (LALV) | Nepovirus | Soybean | No data | No data | Yes | No data | No data | STE, TE | |
Passionfruit woodiness virus (PWV) | Potyvirus | Peanut, soybean | Mosaic, ringspots, leaf deformation | Aphid | No | No data | No data | STE, MED, TN | |
Peanut mottle virus (PMoV) | Potyvirus | Peanut, soybean | Mottle, leaf distortion, mild stunting | Aphid | Yes | 40% | Reduced size, malformation, discoloration | STE | |
Pelargonium zonate spot virus (PZSV) | Anulavirus | Sunflower | Bright chlorotic rings | None | Yes (only in tomato) | No data | No data | STE, MED | |
Soybean mosaic virus (SoMV) | Potyvirus | Soybean | Mosaic, deformation, stunting | Aphid | Yes | 35% (none reported in Australia) | Reduced size, seed coat mottling. | STE, MED, TE | |
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) | Orthotospovirus | Peanut | Mosaics, chlorotic or necrotic streaking or spotting, ringspots, line patterns, general necrosis, wilting, stunting | Thrips | No | 100% | Reduced size, cracking of seedcoat | STE, MED, TE, TN | |
Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) | Potyvirus | Sesame | N/A | Aphid | No | No data | No data | STE |
Syndrome | Virus or Virus Complex | Virus Genus | Cereal and Oilseed Crops Affected | Vector | Current Distribution | Disease Impact |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barley mild mosaic disease | Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) | Bymovirus | Barley | Plasmodiophorid protist (Polymyxa graminis) | Europe, East Asia | Major yield losses in some years |
Barley yellow mosaic disease | Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) | Bymovirus | Barley | Plasmodiophorid protist (Polymyxa graminis) | Europe, Middle East, East Asia, North America | Major yield losses in some years |
Chinese wheat mosaic disease | Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) | Furovirus | Wheat | Plasmodiophorid protist (Polymyxa graminis) | East Asia | Major yield losses in some years |
Cotton blue disease | Cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV) | Polerovirus | Cotton | Aphid (Aphis gossypii) | Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, Southeast Asia, North and South America | Devastating yield losses; major deterrent to cotton cultivation. Likely losses in grain legumes. |
Cotton leaf curl disease complex | Cotton leaf curl viruses (CLCuVs) | Begomovirus(es) | Cotton | Whitely (Bemisia tabaci) | Indian subcontinent, East Asia, Southeast Asia, North, East and West Africa | Devastating yield losses; crop failure; major deterrent to cotton cultivation |
Cotton leaf crumple disease | Cotton leaf crumple virus (CLCrV) | Begomovirus | Cotton | Whitely (Bemisia tabaci) | Indian subcontinent, Central and North America | Major yield losses in epidemic years |
Groundnut bud necrosis disease | Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) | Orthotospovirus | Peanut, soybean | Thrips (Thrips palmi and Frankliniella shultzei) | Indian subcontinent, Central and East Asia, Southeast Asia | Severe yield losses with early infection |
Groundnut rosette tri-partite disease complex (GRD) | Groundnut rosette virus (GRV), groundnut rosette assistor virus (GRAV), and virus satellite | Umbravirus (GRV), Luteovirus (GRAV), virus satellite tri-partite complex | Peanut | Aphid (Aphis craccivora) | Sub-Saharan Africa and offshore islands, including Madagascar | Devastating yield losses in some years, crop failure; major deterrent to peanut cultivation |
Peanut clump disease | Peanut clump virus (PCV), Indian peanut clump virus (IPCV) | Pecluvirus | Barley, maize, sweet corn, peanut, pearl millet, sorghum, rice, wheat | Plasmodiophorid protist (Polymyxa graminis) | Northern region of Sub-Saharan Africa (PCV), Indian subcontinent (IPCV) | Major yield losses in epidemic years |
Maize dwarf mosaic disease | Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) | Potyvirus | Maize, sweet corn, sorghum, oats | Many aphid species (including Rhopalosiphum maidis, Myzus persicae, Aphis craccivora, Aphis gossypii, Brevicoryne brassicae and Rhopalosiphum padi. | Europe, North, Central and South America, North and Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle Est, Central and East Asia, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia | Most important and damaging virus disease of sorghum worldwide. Severe losses in susceptible maize hybrids, and sweet corn |
Maize lethal necrosis bi-partite disease complex (MLND) | Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV), plus sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) or wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) | Machlomovirus (MCMV), plus Potyvirus (SCMV, MDMV) or Tritimovirus (WSMV) | Maize, sweet corn (MLND). Barley, maize, sweet corn, sorghum, pearl millet, wheat (MCMV). Several cereal crops (MDMV, SCMV, WSMV) | Beetle and thrips species (including the thrips Frankliniella williamsi) (MCMV). Several aphid species (SCMV, MDMV). Eriophyid mite (Aceria tosichella) (WSMV) | East and Central Africa, East Asia, Southeast Asia, North and South America, Europe | Widespread devastating yield losses, crop failure, food shortages, major deterrent to maize and sweet corn cultivation |
Maize rough dwarf disease | Maize rough dwarf virus (MRDV) | Fijivirus | Maize, sweet corn | Planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus) | Mediterranean region and Middle East | Devastating yield losses in hybrid maize cultivars; major threat to maize and sweet corn cultivation |
Maize streak disease | Maize streak mosaic virus (MSMV) | Mastrevirus | Maize, sweet corn | Leafhoppers (Cicadulina mbila, nine other Cicadulina species) | Sub-Saharan Africa | Widespread devastating yield losses in some years, crop failure; major deterrent to maize and sweet corn cultivation |
Oat mosaic disease | Oat mosaic virus (OMV) | Bymovirus | Oats | Plasmodiophorid protist (Polymyxa graminis) | Europe, North America | Major yield losses in some years |
Oat golden stripe disease | Oat golden stripe virus (OGSV) | Furovirus | Oats | Plasmodiophorid protist (Polymyxa graminis) | Europe | Major yield losses in some years |
Rice hoja blanca disease | Rice hoja blanca virus (RHBV) | Tenuivirus | Rice | Planthopper (Sogatodes orizicola) | South, Central and North America | Devastating yield losses in some years, crop failure |
Rice tungro bi-partite disease complex | Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV),plus rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) | Tungrovirus (RTBV), Waikavirus (RTSV) | Rice | Several leafhopper vector species transmit both viruses, Nephotettix virescens most efficient vector | Southeast Asia, East Asia (China),the Indian subcontinent | Widespread devastating yield losses, famine. Major deterrent to rice cultivation |
Rice yellow mottle disease | Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) | Sobemovirus | Rice | Contact, beetles, mammals soil and water | East, Central and West Africa, Madagascar | Widespread devastating yield losses; major deterrent to rice cultivation |
Soil-borne cereal mosaic disease | Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus (SBCMV) | Furovirus | Wheat, rye, triticale | Plasmodiophorid protist Polymyxa graminis | Europe | Major yield losses in some years |
Soil-borne wheat mosaic disease | Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) | Furovirus | Wheat, barley, rye, triticale | Plasmodiophorid protist Polymyxa graminis | Europe, New Zealand, Asia, South America, North America | Major yield losses in some years |
Wheat yellow mosaic disease | Wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) | Bymovirus | Wheat | Plasmodiophorid protist (Polymyxa graminis) | Asia | Major yield losses in some years |
Wheat spindle streak mosaic disease | Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV) | Bymovirus | Wheat, rye, triticale | Plasmodiophorid protist (Polymyxa graminis) | North America, Europe | Major yield losses in some years |
Triticum mosaic disease | Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV) | Poacevirus | Barley, wheat | Eryophid mite (Aceria tosichella) | North America | Major losses in mixed infection due to synergistic interaction with wheat streak mosaic virus |
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Jones, R.A.C.; Sharman, M.; Trębicki, P.; Maina, S.; Congdon, B.S. Virus Diseases of Cereal and Oilseed Crops in Australia: Current Position and Future Challenges. Viruses 2021, 13, 2051. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13102051
Jones RAC, Sharman M, Trębicki P, Maina S, Congdon BS. Virus Diseases of Cereal and Oilseed Crops in Australia: Current Position and Future Challenges. Viruses. 2021; 13(10):2051. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13102051
Chicago/Turabian StyleJones, Roger A. C., Murray Sharman, Piotr Trębicki, Solomon Maina, and Benjamin S. Congdon. 2021. "Virus Diseases of Cereal and Oilseed Crops in Australia: Current Position and Future Challenges" Viruses 13, no. 10: 2051. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13102051