Norovirus Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity in Leipzig, Germany during 2013–2017
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. RNA Extraction, Detection, Sequencing and Typing
2.3. Analysis of Sequences and Phylogeny
2.4. Classification of Nosocomial and Community-Acquired Infections
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Ethical Clearance
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Norovirus Positivity | OR (95%CI) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||
Sex | 0.909 (0.770, 1.073) | >0.2 | ||
Male | 333 | 3596 | ||
Female | 278 | 3302 | ||
Season | NA | >0.2 | ||
2013/2014 | 147 | 1722 | ||
2014/2015 | 180 | 1780 | ||
2015/2016 | 143 | 1660 | ||
2016/2017 | 141 | 1736 | ||
Age | 2.847 (2.407, 3.367) | <0.001 | ||
<5 years | 294 | 1695 | ||
≥5 years | 317 | 5203 | ||
Time of infection | 3.826 (3.110; 4.705) | <0.001 | ||
October to March | 494 | 3619 | ||
April to September | 117 | 3279 |
Characteristics | Setting of Infection | OR (95%CI) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Community Acquired | Nosocomial | |||
Genotype | NA | <0.001 | ||
GI.1 | 1 | 0 | ||
GI.2 | 5 | 2 | ||
GI.3 | 17 | 5 | ||
GI.4 | 1 | 0 | ||
GI.5 | 2 | 0 | ||
GI.6 | 3 | 2 | ||
GII.2 | 36 | 22 | ||
GII.3 | 38 | 29 | ||
GII.4 | 144 | 202 | ||
GII.6 | 46 | 23 | ||
GII.7 | 3 | 1 | ||
GII.13 | 1 | 1 | ||
GII.14 | 4 | 1 | ||
GII.17 | 11 | 7 | ||
GII.26 | 1 | 0 | ||
GI.3 and GII.4 | 1 | 0 | ||
GII.2 and GII.4 | 1 | 0 | ||
Genogroup | 3.234 (1.504, 6.953) | 0.002 | ||
GGI | 29 | 9 | ||
GGII | 285 | 286 | ||
Age | 0.268 (0.191, 0.374) | <0.001 | ||
<5 years | 201 | 94 | ||
≥5 years | 115 | 201 | ||
GII.3 | 0.795 (0.476, 1.326) | >0.4 | ||
Yes | 38 | 29 | ||
No | 277 | 266 | ||
GII.4 | 2.579 (1.853, 3.591) | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 144 | 202 | ||
No | 171 | 93 | ||
GII.6 | 2.022 (1.193, 3.429) | 0.01 | ||
Yes | 46 | 23 | ||
No | 269 | 272 |
Norovirus Genotype | 2013/2014 | 2014/2015 | 2015/2016 | 2016/2017 | Σ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GII.2 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 9 | 25 |
GII.3 | 9 | 22 | 19 | 3 | 53 |
GII.4 | 53 | 30 | 34 | 28 | 145 |
GII.6 | 24 | 6 | 9 | 2 | 41 |
GII.17 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 6 |
Other GGII | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 8 |
Untypable GGII | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Σ | 88 | 60 | 87 | 44 | 279 |
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Ennuschat, N.; Härtel, S.; Pietsch, C.; Liebert, U.G. Norovirus Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity in Leipzig, Germany during 2013–2017. Viruses 2021, 13, 1961. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13101961
Ennuschat N, Härtel S, Pietsch C, Liebert UG. Norovirus Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity in Leipzig, Germany during 2013–2017. Viruses. 2021; 13(10):1961. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13101961
Chicago/Turabian StyleEnnuschat, Nora, Sabine Härtel, Corinna Pietsch, and Uwe G. Liebert. 2021. "Norovirus Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity in Leipzig, Germany during 2013–2017" Viruses 13, no. 10: 1961. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13101961
APA StyleEnnuschat, N., Härtel, S., Pietsch, C., & Liebert, U. G. (2021). Norovirus Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity in Leipzig, Germany during 2013–2017. Viruses, 13(10), 1961. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13101961