Wild Boar as a Sylvatic Reservoir of Hepatitis E Virus in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Population Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Viruses
2.2. Sera, Livers and Faeces of Wild Boar
2.3. Preparation of the HEV RNA Standard
2.4. Detection of Anti-HEV Antibodies in Wild Boars
2.5. Detection of HEV RNA Using Real-Time RT-qPCR
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of Anti-HEV Antibodies in the Sera of Wild Boar
3.2. Detection of HEV RNA in Livers and Faeces
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Regional Directorates of State Forest (RDSF) | Province | Population Size | Number of Animals |
---|---|---|---|
Katowice | Opole, Silesia | 20–30,000 | 43 |
Olsztyn | Warmia-Masuria | 41 | |
Szczecin | Lubuskie, West Pomerania | 53 | |
Szczecinek | Pomerania, West Pomerania | 44 | |
Białystok | Podlaskie, Warmia-Masuria | 10–20,000 | 21 |
Gdańsk | Pomerania, Warmia-Masuria | 22 | |
Krosno | Podkarpackie | 17 | |
Lublin | Lublin, Podkarpackie | 37 | |
Łódź | Łódź, Mazovia | 17 | |
Piła | Wielkopolska | 23 | |
Poznań | Wielkopolska | 38 | |
Radom | Mazovia, Świętokrzyskie | 9 | |
Toruń | Kujawy-Pomerania | 30 | |
Wrocław | Lower Silesia | 25 | |
Zielona Góra | Lubuskie | 25 | |
Kraków | Małopolska | <10,000 | 10 |
Warszawa | Mazovia | 15 | |
Total | 470 |
RDSF | No. of Sample | ELISA (%; 95%CI) | Liver (%; 95%CI) | No. of Sample | Faeces (%; 95%CI) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive | Negative | Positive | Negative | Positive | Negative | |||||||||
Białystok | 21 * | 11 | (52.4; 29.8–74.3) | 9 | (42.9; 21.8–66.0) | 2 | (9.5; 1.2–30.4) | 19 | (90.5; 69.6–98.8) | 21 | 0 | (0; 0–16.1) | 21 | (0; 83.8–100) |
Gdańsk | 22 | 11 | (50.0; 28.2–71.8) | 11 | (50.0; 28.2–71.8) | 4 | (18.2; 5.2–40.3) | 18 | (81.1; 59.7–94.8) | 22 | 0 | (0; 0–15.4) | 22 | (0; 84.5–100) |
Katowice | 43 | 23 | (53.5; 37.6–68.8) | 20 | (46.5; 31.2–62.3) | 11 | (25.6; 13.5–41.2) | 32 | (74.4; 58.8–86.5) | 40 | 1 | (2.5; 0–13.1) | 39 | (97.5; 86.8–99.9) |
Kraków | 10 | 1 | (10.0; 0.2–44.5) | 9 | (90.0; 55.5–99.7) | 0 | (0; 0–30.8) | 10 | (100; 69.1–100) | 10 | 0 | (0; 0–30.8) | 10 | (0; 69.1–100) |
Krosno | 17 | 5 | (29.4; 10.3–56) | 12 | (70.6; 44.0–89.7) | 1 | (5.9; 0.2–28.7) | 16 | (94.1; 71.3–99.8) | 16 | 2 | (12.5; 1.5–38.3) | 14 | (87.5; 61.6–98.4) |
Lublin | 37 * | 10 | (27.0; 13.8–44.1) | 24 | (64.9; 47.5–79.8) | 1 | (2.7; 0.1–14.2) | 36 | (97.3; 85.8–99.9) | 35 | 0 | (0; 0–10) | 35 | (0; 89.9–100) |
Łódź | 17 | 6 | (35.3; 14.2–61.7) | 11 | (64.7; 38.3–85.8) | 1 | (5.9; 0.2–28.7) | 16 | (94.1; 71.3–99.8) | 16 | 1 | (6.2; 0.1–30.2) | 15 | (93.7; 69.7–99.8) |
Olsztyn | 41 * | 23 | (56.1; 39.7–71.5) | 17 | (41.5; 26.3–57.9) | 8 | (19.5; 8.8–34.9) | 33 | (80.5; 65.1–91.2) | 38 | 4 | (10.5; 2.9–24.8) | 34 | (89.4; 75.1–97) |
Piła | 23 * | 15 | (65.2; 42.7–83.6) | 7 | (30.4; 13.2–52.9) | 3 | (13; 2.8–33.6) | 20 | (87; 66.4–97.2) | 22 | 2 | (9.1; 1.1–29.1) | 20 | (90.9; 70.8–98.8) |
Poznań | 38 | 18 | (47.4; 31–64.2) | 20 | (52.6; 35.8–69.0) | 5 | (13.2; 4.4–28.1) | 33 | (86.8; 71.9–95.6) | 30 | 1 | (3.3; 0–17.2) | 29 | (96.6; 82.7–99.9) |
Radom | 9 | 6 | (66.7; 29.9–92.5) | 3 | (33.3; 7.5–70.1) | 4 | (44.4; 13.7–78.8) | 5 | (55.6; 21.2–86.3) | 9 | 3 | (33.3; 7.4–70) | 6 | (66.6; 29.9–92.5) |
Szczecin | 53 * | 27 | (50.9; 36.8–64.9) | 23 | (43.4; 29.8–57.7) | 8 | (15.1; 6.7–27.6) | 45 | (84.9; 72.4–93.3) | 45 | 2 | (4.4; 0.5–15.1) | 43 | (95.5; 84.5–99.4) |
Szczecinek | 44 * | 22 | (50.0; 34.6–65.4) | 21 | (47.7; 32.5–63.3) | 3 | (6.8; 1.4–18.7) | 41 | (93.2; 81.3–98.6) | 40 | 1 | (2.5; 0–13.1) | 39 | (97.5; 86.8–99.9) |
Toruń | 30 * | 16 | (53.3; 34.3–71.7) | 12 | (40.0; 22.7–59.4) | 5 | (16.7; 5.6–34.7) | 25 | (83.3; 65.3–94.4) | 27 | 5 | (18.5; 6.3–38) | 22 | (81.4; 61.9–93.7) |
Warszawa | 15 * | 7 | (46.7; 21.3–73.4) | 7 | (46.7; 21.3–73.4) | 0 | (0; 0–21.8) | 15 | (100; 78.2–100) | 15 | 0 | (0; 0–21.8) | 15 | (0; 78.1–100) |
Wrocław | 25 * | 13 | (52.0; 31.3–72.2) | 11 | (44.0; 24.4–65.1) | 0 | (0; 0–13.7) | 25 | (100; 86.3–100) | 25 | 3 | (12.5; 2.6–32.3) | 21 | (87.5; 67.6–97.3) |
Zielona Góra | 25 | 18 | (72.0; 50.6–87.9) | 7 | (28.0; 12.1–49.4) | 1 | (4; 0.1–20.3) | 24 | (96; 79.7–99.9) | 23 | 2 | (8.7; 1–28) | 21 | (91.3; 71.9–98.9) |
Total (%; 95%CI) | 470 (100) | 232 (49.4; 44.7–54) | 224 (47.7; 43.1–52.3) | 57 (12.1; 9.3–15.4) | 413 (87.9; 84.6–90.7) | 433 (100) | 27 (6.2; 4.1–8.9) | 406 (91.3; 91–93.7) |
Number of Animals * | ELISA Results | Real-Time (RT)-qPCR Results | |
---|---|---|---|
Serum | Liver (G.C./g) | Faeces (G.C./mL) | |
16 | + | 1.6 × 103–9.4 × 109 | 1.2 × 103–9.3 × 107 |
31 (1) | + | 8.9–1.7 × 1011 | - |
5 | + | - | 38–1.7 × 105 |
180 (8) | + | - | - |
4 | − | 3.7–7.1 × 108 | 8 × 102–3.1 × 106 |
11 (3) | − | 1.4–1.1 × 109 | - |
2 | − | - | 42–3.9 × 104 |
207 (27) | − | - | - |
14 | +/− | - | - |
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Kozyra, I.; Jabłoński, A.; Bigoraj, E.; Rzeżutka, A. Wild Boar as a Sylvatic Reservoir of Hepatitis E Virus in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Population Study. Viruses 2020, 12, 1113. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12101113
Kozyra I, Jabłoński A, Bigoraj E, Rzeżutka A. Wild Boar as a Sylvatic Reservoir of Hepatitis E Virus in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Population Study. Viruses. 2020; 12(10):1113. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12101113
Chicago/Turabian StyleKozyra, Iwona, Artur Jabłoński, Ewelina Bigoraj, and Artur Rzeżutka. 2020. "Wild Boar as a Sylvatic Reservoir of Hepatitis E Virus in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Population Study" Viruses 12, no. 10: 1113. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12101113
APA StyleKozyra, I., Jabłoński, A., Bigoraj, E., & Rzeżutka, A. (2020). Wild Boar as a Sylvatic Reservoir of Hepatitis E Virus in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Population Study. Viruses, 12(10), 1113. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12101113