Proteomics of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Reveals a Lung Oxidative Stress Response in Murine Herpesvirus-68 Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Viruses and cell Cultures
2.2. Mouse Infections with MHV-68 and MHV68/IL6 Viruses
2.3. BAL Fluid Processing
2.4. Sircol Collagen Assay
2.5. Catalase Assay and Immunoblotting
2.6. PCR
2.7. IEF, 2D-PAGE, Spot Mapping and Densitometry
2.8. Mass Spectrometry
2.9. Bioinformatics Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Recovery and Characterization of BAL Fluid from Mouse Lungs Infected with MHV-68
3.2. Differential Proteomics Analysis of BAL Fluid
3.3. Functions of Proteins Induced by MHV-68 in Lungs
3.4. Functional Enrichment Analysis
3.5. Acute Phase and Oxidative Stress Gene Expression in the MHV-68 Infected Lung
3.6. Lytic MHV-68 Infection Induces Oxidative Stress in Cultured Fibroblasts
3.7. An Oxidative Stress Response Network Induced in Mouse Lungs by MHV-68 Infection
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Co-Expressing IL6
4.2. Oxidative Stress Response Proteins Are Induced in MHV-68 Infection of the Mouse Lung
4.2.1. Sources of Oxidative Stress
4.2.2. Oxidative Damage to Surfactant Phospholipids
4.2.3. Comparison to other Respiratory Diseases and Role of Nrf2
4.3. Modeling a Complex Relationship
4.3.1. Acute Phase Response
4.3.2. Other Immunomodulatory Proteins in BAL Fluid
4.4. Limitations of This Study
5. Conclusions
Experimental MHV-68 Infection of the Mouse as a Model for Lung Diseases
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Spot a | BAL Protein Identification | Symbol | GO:Terms b | Function | Lung Disease Finding c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acute Phase Response and Inflammation | |||||
1 | α1-acid glycoprotein 1B | A1AG1 | 0002682 | Lipocalin-like immune regulator | APR; TB; IAV |
2 | α1-anti-trypsin (serpin A1) | A1AT6 | 0004867 | Serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor | APR; ARDS; COPD; SARS; IAV |
3 | α2-macroglobulin | A2MP | 0004867 | Serum-type endopeptidase inhibitor | APR; ARDS; IPF |
11 | Haptoglobin | Hp | 0004252 | Serine-type endopeptidase | APR; SARS |
12 | IL1 family member 10 | IL1f10 | 0005152 | IL1-receptor antagonist | APR; IPF |
21 | TNF α-induced protein 8-like 2 | Tnfaip8l2 | 0050728 | Negative immune regulator | Anti-proliferative |
Oxidative Stress Response | |||||
19 | Superoxide dismutase 3 [Cu-Zn], ex. | EC-SOD | 0006979 | Response to oxidative stress | ARDS; NFκB; antioxidant |
10 | Glutathione-S-transferase, mu1 | GSTm1 | 0004364 | Response to oxidative stress | Antioxidant |
14 | Peroxiredoxin 2 | Pdx2 | 0006979 | Response to oxidative stress | ARDS; SARS; IAV; antioxidant |
15 | Peroxiredoxin 6 | Pdx6 | 0000302 | Response to reactive oxygen species | Sf-PhL; IAV; antioxidant |
20 | Thioredoxin-like 4B | TXNL4B | 0030612 | Thioredoxin activity | Antioxidant |
Phospholipid Metabolism and Signaling | |||||
8 | Calcyclin | S100a6 | 0048146 | Fibroblast proliferation | Growth factor |
9 | Clara cell protein 10 | CC10 | 0019834 | Phospholipase A2 inhibitor | Sf-PhL |
13 | Oxytocin receptor | OxtR | 0004990 | Oxytocin receptor activity | |
16 | Phospholipase A2, secreted | PLA2G12A | 0004623 | Phospholipase A2 activity | SARS; IAV; Sf-PhL |
12 | Hydrocephalus-inducing protein | Hydin | 0003341 | Movement of tracheal cilia | |
Molecular Transport/Serum | |||||
5 | Albumin | Alb | 0006810 | Molecular transport in serum | |
6 | Annexin A5 | Anxa5 | 0050819 | Negative regulation of coagulation | Anticoagulant |
4 | α2-u-globulin (mj urinary protein 6) | Mup6 | 0005550 | Lipocalin-like pheromone transport | Allergen |
7 | Apolipoprotein E | ApoE | 0017127 | Cholesterol, lipid transport in serum | Sf-PhL |
17 | Plasma retinol binding protein | RBP4 | 0001972 | Plasma retinol and vitamin A carrier | SARS; VA; APR (negative) |
18 | Retinoic acid binding protein 2 | CRABP2 | 0001972 | Retinoic acid (retinol) binding | APR; VA |
22 | Transthyretin | TTR | 0005179 | Vitamin A and T4/thyroxine transport | APR; VA |
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Bortz, E.; Wu, T.-T.; Patel, P.; Whitelegge, J.P.; Sun, R. Proteomics of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Reveals a Lung Oxidative Stress Response in Murine Herpesvirus-68 Infection. Viruses 2018, 10, 670. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10120670
Bortz E, Wu T-T, Patel P, Whitelegge JP, Sun R. Proteomics of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Reveals a Lung Oxidative Stress Response in Murine Herpesvirus-68 Infection. Viruses. 2018; 10(12):670. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10120670
Chicago/Turabian StyleBortz, Eric, Ting-Ting Wu, Parthive Patel, Julian P. Whitelegge, and Ren Sun. 2018. "Proteomics of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Reveals a Lung Oxidative Stress Response in Murine Herpesvirus-68 Infection" Viruses 10, no. 12: 670. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10120670