Effect of Fertilization on Growth and Mortality of Jack Pine Growing on Poor, Sandy Soils in Michigan, USA: Implications for Sustainable Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites and Experimental Design
2.2. Field Measurements and Data Analysis
2.3. Nutrient Budgets
3. Results
3.1. Tree Growth and Mortality
3.2. Foliar Nutrition
3.3. Nutrient Budgets
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Absolute Growth (cm) | r | p |
---|---|---|
Foliar N (ppm) | −0.425 | 0.118 |
Foliar P (ppm) | −0.351 | 0.647 |
Foliar K (ppm) | 0.248 | 1.000 |
Foliar S (ppm) | −0.055 | 1.000 |
Foliar Ca (ppm) | 0.071 | 1.000 |
Foliar Mg(ppm) | 0.131 | 1.000 |
Foliar N:P Ratio | −0.050 | 1.000 |
Foliar N:K Ratio | −0.490 | 0.018 |
Foliar N:S Ratio | −0.190 | 0.585 |
Foliar N:Ca Ratio | −0.216 | 1.000 |
Foliar N:Mg Ratio | −0.178 | 1.000 |
Relative Growth Rate | ||
Foliar N (ppm) | −0.493 | 0.017 |
Foliar P (ppm) | −0.481 | 0.024 |
Foliar K (ppm) | 0.240 | 1.000 |
Foliar S (ppm) | −0.220 | 0.398 |
Foliar Ca (ppm) | −0.118 | 1.000 |
Foliar Mg (ppm) | 0.200 | 1.000 |
Foliar N:P Ratio | 0.021 | 1.000 |
Foliar N:K Ratio | −0.526 | 0.005 |
Foliar N:S Ratio | −0.059 | 1.000 |
Foliar N:Ca Ratio | −0.053 | 1.000 |
Foliar N:Mg Ratio | −0.248 | 1.000 |
Nutrient Leaching Scenarios | |||
---|---|---|---|
Whole-Tree Harvest | 100% Retention | 2/3 Retention | 1/3 Retention |
Nitrogen | 20 | 28 | 48 |
Phosphorus | 27 | 33 | 43 |
Potassium | 73 | 90 | 117 |
Calcium | 19 | 23 | 31 |
Magnesium | 25 | 34 | 53 |
Stem-only Harvest | |||
Nitrogen | 8 | 11 | 19 |
Phosphorus | 10 | 12 | 15 |
Potassium | 35 | 42 | 55 |
Calcium | 12 | 15 | 20 |
Magnesium | 14 | 19 | 30 |
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E. Rothstein, D. Effect of Fertilization on Growth and Mortality of Jack Pine Growing on Poor, Sandy Soils in Michigan, USA: Implications for Sustainable Management. Forests 2018, 9, 549. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090549
E. Rothstein D. Effect of Fertilization on Growth and Mortality of Jack Pine Growing on Poor, Sandy Soils in Michigan, USA: Implications for Sustainable Management. Forests. 2018; 9(9):549. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090549
Chicago/Turabian StyleE. Rothstein, David. 2018. "Effect of Fertilization on Growth and Mortality of Jack Pine Growing on Poor, Sandy Soils in Michigan, USA: Implications for Sustainable Management" Forests 9, no. 9: 549. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090549