Effects of Stand Structure, Browsing, and Biophysical Conditions on Regeneration Following Mountain Pine Beetle in Mixed Lodgepole Pine and Aspen Forests of the Southern Rockies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Site Selections
2.3. Field Data Collection
2.4. Animal Use Information
2.5. Topographic and Landform Data
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Median | Minimum | Maximum | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basal area m2 ha−1 | |||||
LIVE | 7.6 | 1.1 | 37.0 | ||
Pine | 3.3 | 0.0 | 22.9 | ||
Aspen | 2.2 | 1.1 | 14.2 | ||
Fir+Spruce | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | ||
DEAD | 21.8 | 4.4 | 34.8 | ||
Pine | Standing | 20.7 | 3.3 | 34.8 | |
Down | 3.3 | 0.0 | 24.0 | ||
Aspen | Standing | 2.2 | 0.0 | 10.5 | |
Down | 2.2 | 0.0 | 13.1 | ||
Fir + Spruce | Standing | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | |
Down | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
Density ha−1 | |||||
UNDERSTORY (Stems <2.5 cm diameter at breast height) | |||||
Pine | 556 | 0 | 7040 | ||
Aspen | 6175 | 1167 | 26861 | ||
Fir + Spruce | 62 | 0 | 3520 |
Response Variable | Independent Variable | +/− | Adjusted R2 | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean aspen density | Down lodgepole pine | − | 0.22 | 0.0038 |
Mean annual maximum temperature | − | 0.20 | 0.0051 | |
Live aspen | − | 0.11 | 0.0323 | |
Dead and down aspen | − | 0.11 | 0.0351 | |
Mean annual precipitation | + | 0.07 | 0.0791 | |
Mean lodgepole density | Live lodgepole pine basal area | + | 0.23 | 0.0027 |
Topographic Wetness Index | + | 0.11 | 0.0349 | |
Time since onset of MPB epidemic | − | 0.02 | 0.2206 | |
Down lodgepole pine | − | −0.02 | 0.5497 | |
Mean aspen sucker height | Down lodgepole pine | + | 0.49 | <0.0001 |
Maximum temperature | + | 0.38 | <0.0001 | |
Wild animal density | − | 0.27 | 0.0012 | |
Mean annual precipitation | − | 0.23 | 0.0027 | |
Time since onset of MPB epidemic | + | 0.06 | 0.0970 | |
Maximum aspen sucker height | Down lodgepole pine | + | 0.39 | <0.0001 |
Mean annual precipitation | − | 0.28 | 0.0012 | |
Mean annual maximum temperature | + | 0.27 | 0.0010 | |
Wild animal density | − | 0.17 | 0.0109 | |
Topographic Wetness Index | − | 0.12 | 0.0287 | |
Live aspen basal area | − | 0.09 | 0.0483 | |
MPB-killed basal area | − | 0.06 | 0.0882 |
Response Variable | Independent Variable | +/− | Adjusted R2 | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
Proportion of suckers browsed | Down lodgepole pine basal area | − | 0.46 | <0.0001 |
MPB-killed basal area | + | 0.25 | 0.0027 | |
Wild animal density | + | 0.16 | 0.0111 | |
Live aspen basal area | − | −0.03 | 0.9437 |
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Pelz, K.A.; Smith, F.W. Effects of Stand Structure, Browsing, and Biophysical Conditions on Regeneration Following Mountain Pine Beetle in Mixed Lodgepole Pine and Aspen Forests of the Southern Rockies. Forests 2018, 9, 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090525
Pelz KA, Smith FW. Effects of Stand Structure, Browsing, and Biophysical Conditions on Regeneration Following Mountain Pine Beetle in Mixed Lodgepole Pine and Aspen Forests of the Southern Rockies. Forests. 2018; 9(9):525. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090525
Chicago/Turabian StylePelz, Kristen A., and Frederick W. Smith. 2018. "Effects of Stand Structure, Browsing, and Biophysical Conditions on Regeneration Following Mountain Pine Beetle in Mixed Lodgepole Pine and Aspen Forests of the Southern Rockies" Forests 9, no. 9: 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090525