Structural Diversity in a Mixed Spruce-Fir-Beech Old-Growth Forest Remnant of the Western Carpathians
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Tree Species Composition
3.2. Attributes of the Old-Growth Forest Structure
3.3. Structure of Canopy Gaps
4. Discussion
5. Summary
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Site Name | Main Tree Species | Size (ha) | Elevation (m) | Temperature (°C) | Precipitation (mm) | Forest Plant Community | Source of Data |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Slovakia | |||||||
Dobročský prales | F, B, S | 101.8 | 840–940 | 5.2 | 890 | Dentario enneaphylli-Fagetum | [42] |
Ľubietovský Vepor | B, F, S | 236.9 | 950–1277 | 4 | 950 | Dentario enneaphylli-Fagetum | [84] |
Klenovský Vepor | B, S, F | 122.1 | 1100–1338 | 4 | 950 | Dentario enneaphylli-Fagetum | [85] |
Poland | |||||||
Oszast | S, B, F | 43.3 | 950–1147 | 3 | 1300 | Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum | [86] |
Zarnowka | B, F, S | - | 940–1010 | 4 | 1350 | Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum | [39] |
Baniska | B, F, S | 142.0 | 775–1035 | 5 | 1200 | Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum | [39] |
Czech Republic | |||||||
Polom | S, B, F | 20.2 | 546–625 | 6 | 786 | Dentario enneaphylli-Fagetum Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum | [87] |
Razula | F, B, S | 22.8 | 600–812 | 6.2 | 1088 | Dentario enneaphylli-Fagetum Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum | [14] |
Salajka | B, F, S | 22.9 | 715–820 | 5.4 | 1144 | Dentario enneaphylli-Fagetum Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum | [14] |
Criterion | Initial Stage | Optimal Stage | Decay Stage |
---|---|---|---|
General age estimation | Young | Adult | Old |
Tree density | High | Medium | Low |
Greatest proportion of trees by size | In small and medium sizes | In medium and large sizes | In large sizes |
Canopy dominated by | Lower and middle layer | Upper and middle layer | Upper layer |
Deadwood volume | Medium | Low | High |
Decay stage | Higher decay classes | Various decay classes | Lower decay classes |
Gaps | Absent | Absent | Present |
Regeneration | >8 cm, clustered in former gaps | Little, scattered over the whole area | <8 cm, clustered in gaps |
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Tree Species | 1978 | 2015 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stem Density | Basal Area | Growing Stock | Stem Density | Basal Area | Growing Stock | |||||||
N·ha−1 | % | m2·ha−1 | % | m3·ha−1 | % | N·ha−1 | % | m2·ha−1 | % | m3·ha−1 | % | |
Fir | 139 | 38 | 17.6 | 41 | 261 | 38 | 81 | 20 | 17.8 | 39 | 280 | 38 |
Beech | 125 | 35 | 9.2 | 22 | 161 | 24 | 257 | 65 | 15.6 | 34 | 258 | 35 |
Spruce | 90 | 25 | 14.7 | 34 | 238 | 35 | 49 | 12 | 10.5 | 23 | 174 | 24 |
Others * | 8 | 2 | 1.2 | 3 | 21 | 3 | 9 | 2 | 1.4 | 3 | 25 | 3 |
Total | 362 | 100 | 42.7 | 100 | 682 | 100 | 396 | 100 | 45.3 | 100 | 737 | 100 |
Category | Beech | Fir | Spruce | Maples | Ash | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤20 cm | 2143 | 9190 | 164 | 3435 | 730 | 15,661 |
21–50 cm | 573 | 16 | 3 | 525 | 676 | 1793 |
51–130 cm | 114 | 0 | 0 | 77 | 79 | 270 |
>130 cm * | 497 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 502 |
Total | 3327 | 9208 | 167 | 4037 | 1487 | 18,226 |
Stand Characteristics | Initial Stage | Optimal Stage | Decay Stage | PRP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spatial proportion | (%) | 26 | 44 | 30 | 100 |
Tree density ≥ 8 cm | (N·ha−1) | 531 ± 61 b | 413 ± 131 a | 398 ± 125 a | 413 ± 113 |
Basal area | (m2·ha−1) | 32.2 ± 6.8 a | 60.2 ± 10.1 b | 33.3 ± 11.2 a | 44.9 ± 6.2 |
Growing stock | (m3·ha−1) | 459 ± 133 a | 1005 ± 196 b | 529 ± 203 a | 731 ± 149 |
Fir | (%) | 38 ± 24 a | 35 ± 23 a | 41 ± 23 a | 40 ± 23 |
Beech | (%) | 31 ± 14 a | 39 ± 26 a | 29 ± 24 a | 33 ± 23 |
Spruce | (%) | 26 ± 22 a | 22 ± 25 a | 27 ± 29 a | 22 ± 25 |
Others * | (%) | 9 ± 17 b | 4 ± 5 ab | 2 ± 4 a | 5 ± 10 |
Snags | (m3·ha−1) | 26 ± 39 a | 49 ± 73 ab | 80 ± 59 b | 53 ± 64 |
Logs | (m3·ha−1) | 264 ± 171 ab | 185 ± 136 a | 353 ± 232 b | 260 ± 191 |
Crown engagement ratio | 1.5 ± 0.16 b | 1.7 ± 0.41 c | 1.0 ± 0.30 a | 1.4 ± 0.4 | |
Growth space utilisation | 0.3 ± 0.09 a | 0.4 ± 0.10 b | 0.2 ± 0.09 a | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
Index | Stand Layer | Initial | Optimal | Decay | PRP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H′N | lower | 0.08 ± 0.07 a | 0.22 ± 0.15 ab | 0.29 ± 0.26 ab | 0.27 |
medium | 0.42 ± 0.15 b | 0.48 ± 0.27 b | 0.26 ± 0.38 ab | 0.69 | |
upper | 0.88 ± 0.24 c | 0.77 ± 0.26 c | 0.76 ± 0.36 c | 1.19 | |
total | 0.51 ± 0.10 | 0.53 ± 0.18 | 0.65 ± 0.12 | 0.62 | |
H′BA | lower | 0.28 ± 0.23 a | 0.48 ± 0.27 abc | 0.38 ± 0.29 ab | 0.63 |
medium | 0.58 ± 0.18 abc | 0.51 ± 0.27 abc | 0.33 ± 0.47 ab | 0.84 | |
upper | 0.81 ± 0.31 c | 0.63 ± 0.36 abc | 0.66 ± 0.41 bc | 1.16 | |
total | 0.99 ± 0.16 | 0.83 ± 0.24 | 0.83 ± 0.33 | 1.16 | |
R | lower | 0.96 ± 0.13 | 0.93 ± 0.11 | 0.90 ± 0.16 | 0.90 *** |
medium | 1.10 ± 0.15 | 1.05 ± 0.15 | 1.02 ± 0.02 | 1.03 | |
upper | 1.05 ± 0.28 | 1.07 ± 0.20 | 1.15 ± 0.19 | 1.04 | |
total | 1.03 ± 0.09 | 1.08 ± 0.06 | 1.05 ± 0.06 | 1.03 | |
H | 1.41 ± 0.12 | 1.51 ± 0.26 | 1.40 ± 0.17 | 2.00 | |
EN | 0.45 ± 0.08 a | 0.50 ± 0.13 a | 0.69 ± 0.20 b | 0.39 | |
EBA | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.79 ± 0.15 | 0.81 ± 0.13 | 0.72 | |
G | 0.38 ± 0.03 | 0.36 ± 0.06 | 0.41 ± 0.06 | 0.38 | |
T | 0.55 ± 0.03 b | 0.50 ± 0.04 a | 0.56 ± 0.02 b | 0.51 | |
SCId | 10.22 ± 1.31 | 9.95 ± 1.83 | 11.29 ± 1.96 | 9.90 | |
SCIh | 6.37 ± 0.53 | 6.21 ± 0.68 | 6.61 ± 0.79 | 6.15 |
Category | Beech | Maples | Ash | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m2·ha−1 | m2·ha−1 | m2·ha−1 | m2·ha−1 | % | ||
≤50 cm | 107 | 89 | 196 | 13 | ||
51–130 cm | 18 | 102 | 120 | 8 | ||
>130 cm * | 508 | 10 | 15 | 533 | 36 | |
dbh 2–8 cm | 646 | 646 | 43 | |||
total | m2·ha−1 | 1154 | 135 | 206 | 1495 | 100 |
% | 77 | 9 | 14 | 100 |
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Parobeková, Z.; Pittner, J.; Kucbel, S.; Saniga, M.; Filípek, M.; Sedmáková, D.; Vencurik, J.; Jaloviar, P. Structural Diversity in a Mixed Spruce-Fir-Beech Old-Growth Forest Remnant of the Western Carpathians. Forests 2018, 9, 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9070379
Parobeková Z, Pittner J, Kucbel S, Saniga M, Filípek M, Sedmáková D, Vencurik J, Jaloviar P. Structural Diversity in a Mixed Spruce-Fir-Beech Old-Growth Forest Remnant of the Western Carpathians. Forests. 2018; 9(7):379. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9070379
Chicago/Turabian StyleParobeková, Zuzana, Ján Pittner, Stanislav Kucbel, Milan Saniga, Michal Filípek, Denisa Sedmáková, Jaroslav Vencurik, and Peter Jaloviar. 2018. "Structural Diversity in a Mixed Spruce-Fir-Beech Old-Growth Forest Remnant of the Western Carpathians" Forests 9, no. 7: 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9070379
APA StyleParobeková, Z., Pittner, J., Kucbel, S., Saniga, M., Filípek, M., Sedmáková, D., Vencurik, J., & Jaloviar, P. (2018). Structural Diversity in a Mixed Spruce-Fir-Beech Old-Growth Forest Remnant of the Western Carpathians. Forests, 9(7), 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9070379