Piecemeal Integration: Explaining and Understanding 60 Years of European Union Forest Policy-Making
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1960: “A common forestry policy must find its appropriate place in the agricultural policy proper”[1]
1979:” …requests it to proceed with the preparation of a genuine Community forestry policy”[2]
1985: “While the Commission is not proposing to establish a Community forest policy, many of the actions suggested would be more effective if taken at the level of the Community rather than at the level of individual Member States”[3]
2. Integration Theories
- (a)
- strong functional implications, so-called spill-overs, created through other policy areas or political action, were missing despite continued economic integration in the EU;
- (b)
- domestic forest politics in the Member States played a major role in EU forest policy-making processes so that Member States’ determination to negotiate in the light of domestic interests hindered stronger integration attempts when major treaty reforms were on the agenda;
- (c)
- European institutions’ roles in the forest policy-making processes actually stood in the way of stronger integration attempts;or alternatively
- (d)
- forest discourses in relation to actors’ problem framing changed and the development of shared meaning as well as their empowerment to act impeded the success of integration attempts.
3. Forest Policy from a European Integration Perspective
3.1. Neo-Functionalism and EU Forest Policy
3.2. Liberal Intergovernmentalism and Forests
3.3. Institutionalism and Forest Policy
3.4. Constructivism and Changing Forest Discourses
4. Conclusions: Why a Multi-Theory Analysis Is More than the Sum of Individual Perspectives on EU Forest Institutionalization
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- European Commission. Proposals for the working out and putting into effect of the common agricultural policy in application of Article 43 of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community. In COM (1960) 105 Final; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 1960. [Google Scholar]
- European Parliament. Resolution embodying the opinion of the European Parliament on the communication from the Commission of the European Communities to the Council concerning forestry policy in the European Community. Official Journal of the European Union 140, 5 July 1979. [Google Scholar]
- Commission of the European Communities. Discussion Paper on Community Action in the Forestry Sector. In COM (1985) 792 Final; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 1985. [Google Scholar]
- Aggestam, F.; Pülzl, H. Coordinating the Uncoordinated: The EU Forest Strategy. Forests 2018, 9, 125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pülzl, H.; Hogl, K.; Kleinschmit, D.; Wydra, D.; Arts, B.; Mayer, P.; Palahi, M.; Winkel, G.; Wolfslehner, B. (Eds.) European Forest Governance: Issues at State and the Way Forward; What Science Can Tell Us 2; European Forestry Institute: Joensuu, Finland, 2013; p. 100. ISBN 978-952-5980-02-8. [Google Scholar]
- Wydra, D. The legal context of European Forest Policy-Making. In European Forest Governance: Issues at State and the Way Forward; Pülzl, H., Hogl, K., Kleinschmit, D., Wydra, D., Arts, B., Mayer, P., Palahi, M., Winkel, G., Wolfslehner, B., Eds.; What Science Can Tell Us 2; EFI: Joensuu, Finland, 2013; pp. 29–36. ISBN 978-952-5980-02-8. [Google Scholar]
- Haas, E.B. The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social and Economic Forces 1950–57, 3rd ed.; Stanford University Press: Stanford, CA, USA, 1958/2004.
- Haas, E.B. Beyond the Nation State: Functionalism and International Organization; Stanford University Press: Stanford, CA, USA, 1964; 595p. [Google Scholar]
- Rosamond, B. Theories of European Integration; Macmillan: London, UK, 2000; p. 232. ISBN 10 0312231202. [Google Scholar]
- Schmitter, P.C. Neo-Neo-Functionalism. In European Integration Theory, 1st ed.; Wiener, A., Diez, T., Eds.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2004; pp. 45–75. [Google Scholar]
- Niemann, A.; Schmitter, P.C. Neofunctionalism. In European Integration Theory, 2nd ed.; Wiener, A., Diez, T., Eds.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2009; pp. 45–66. [Google Scholar]
- Rosamond, B. The uniting of Europe and the foundation of EU studies: Revisiting the neofunctionalism of Ernst B. Haas. J. Eur. Public Policy 2005, 12, 237–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lindberg, L.N. Political Dynamics of European Economic Integration; Princeton University Press: Stanford, CA, USA, 1963, 0804701679; ISBN 10 0804701679. [Google Scholar]
- Schmitter, P.C. A Revised Theory of Regional Integration. Int. Organ. 1970, 24, 836–868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moravcsik, A. Preferences and power in the European Community. A liberal intergovernmentalist approach. J. Common Mark. Stud. 1993, 31, 473–524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moravcsik, A. The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht; Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NJ, USA, 1998; 528p, ISBN -10. [Google Scholar]
- Moravcik, A.; Schimmelfennig, F. Liberal Intergovernmentalism. In European Integration Theory, 2nd ed.; Wiener, A., Diez, T., Eds.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2009; pp. 67–87. [Google Scholar]
- Keohane, R.O. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy; Princeton University Press: Stanford, CA, USA, 1984; 320p. [Google Scholar]
- Laffan, B. The European Union polity: A union of regulative, normative and cognitive pillars. J. Eur. Public Policy 2001, 8, 709–727. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pollack, M.A. The New Institutionalisms and European Integration. In European Integration Theory, 2nd ed.; Wiener, A., Diez, T., Eds.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2009; pp. 125–143. [Google Scholar]
- Jupille, J.; Caporaso, J.A. Institutionalism and the European Union: Beyond international relations and comparative politics. Annu. Rev. Political Sci. 1999, 2, 429–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shepsle, K.A. Rational Choice Institutionalism. In Oxford Handbook of Political Institutions; Binder, S., Rhodes, R., Rockman, B., Eds.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Pollack, M.A. Delegation, agency, and agenda setting in the European Community. Int. Organ. 1997, 51, 99–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsebelis, G.; Garrett, G. The Institutional Foundations of Intergovernmentalism and Supranationalism in the European Union. Int. Organ. 2001, 55, 357–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kassim, H.; Menon, A. The Principal-Agent Approach and the Study of the European Union: Promise Unfulfilled? J. Eur. Public Policy 2003, 10, 121–139. [Google Scholar]
- Garrett, G. International cooperation and institutional choice: The European Community’s internal market. Int. Organ. 1992, 46, 533–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hall, P.; Taylor, R. Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms. Political Stud. 1996, 44, 936–957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pierson, P. The Path to European Integration: A Historical Institutionalist Analysis. Compar. Political Stud. 1996, 29, 123–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aspinwall, M.D.; Schneider, G. Same menu, separate tables: The institutionalist turn in political science and the study of European integration. Eur. J. Political Res. 2000, 38, 1–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Checkel, J.T. Norms Institutions, and National Identity in Contemporary Europe. Int. Stud. Q. 1999, 43, 84–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Christiansen, T.; Jorgensen, K.E.; Wiener, A. The social construction of Europe. J. Eur. Public Policy 1999, 6, 528–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Waever, O. Discursive Approaches. In European Integration Theory, 2nd ed.; Wiener, A., Diez, T., Eds.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2009; pp. 163–180. [Google Scholar]
- Jachtenfuchs, M.; Diez, T.; Jung, S. Which Europe? Conflicting Models of a Legitimate European Political Order. Eur. J. Int. Relations 1998, 4, 409–446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diez, T. Europe as a Discursive Battle Ground. Discourse Analysis and European Integration Studies. Cooperation Confl. 2001, 36, 5–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- European Commission. Directorate General for Agriculture of the EEC Commission. In Newsletter of the Common Agricultural Policy; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 1964. [Google Scholar]
- Hogl, K. Europäisierung der Forstpolitik? Thesen zu Auswirkungen auf das Akteursgefüge am Beispiel Österreichs. In Staatsforstverwaltungen und Europäische Union. Erfahrungen und Zukunftsstrategien im europäischen Vergleich; Krott, M., Meyer, W., Eds.; Europaforum Forstverwaltung 9, Institut für Forstpolitik und Naturschutz, Universität Göttingen: Göttingen, Germany, 2001; pp. 187–210. [Google Scholar]
- Pettenella, D. EU Forest Policy and its impacts on the Mediterranean countries. Medit 1994, 3, 11–15. [Google Scholar]
- Commission of the European Communities. Proposal for a Council Directive concerning forestry measures. In COM (1974) 170 Final; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 1974. [Google Scholar]
- Commission of the European Communities. Revised proposal for a Council Directive concerning forestry measures. In COM (1975) 188 Final; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 1974. [Google Scholar]
- Commission of the European Communities. Proposal for a Council resolution concerning the objectives and principles of forestry policy. In COM (1978) 621 Final; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 1978; Official Journal of the European Union 301, 15 December 1978, pp. 8–11. [Google Scholar]
- European Parliament. Handbook on the forestry policy of the European Community. In Research and Documentation Papers; Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg, 1992; ISBN 92-823-0345-4. [Google Scholar]
- European Parliament. Written Questions with Answer. OJ C 167 5.07.1982. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:C:1982:167:FULL&from=EN (accessed on 1 September 2017).
- Council of the European Communities. Council Regulation (EEC) No 3528/86 of 17 November 1986 on the protection of the Community’s forests against atmospheric pollution. Official Journal of the European Union 326, 21 November 1986; pp. 2–4. [Google Scholar]
- Council of the European Communities. Council Regulation (EEC) No 3529/86 of 17 November 1986 on protection of the Community’s forests against fire. Official Journal of the European Union 326, 21 November 1986; pp. 5–7. [Google Scholar]
- Rivera Leon, L.; Bougas, K.; Aggestam, F.; Pülzl, H.; Zoboli, E.; Ravet, J.; Griniece, E.; Vermeer, J.; Maroulis, N.; Ettwein, F.; et al. An Assessment of the Cumulative Cost Impact of Specified EU Legislation and Policies on the EU Forest-Based Industries; DG GROW: Brussels, Belgium, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. Regulation (EU) No 1305/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 1698/2005. Official Journal of the European Union 347, 20 December 2013; pp. 487–548. [Google Scholar]
- The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. Regulation (EU) No 995/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010 laying down the obligations of operators who place timber and timber products on the market Text with EEA relevance. Official Journal of the European Union 295, 12 November 2010; pp. 23–34. [Google Scholar]
- Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC (Text with EEA relevance). Official Journal of the European Union L 275, 25 October 2003; p. 32.
- The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry in the 2030 climate and energy framework, and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 and Decision No 529/2013/EU (Text with EEA relevance) PE/68/2017/REV/1. Official Journal of the European Union 156, 19 June 2018; pp. 1–25. [Google Scholar]
- The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC (Text with EEA relevance). Official Journal of the European Union 140, 5 June 2009; pp. 16–62. [Google Scholar]
- Lenschow, A. Studying EU environmental policy. In Environmental Policy in the EU. Actors, Institutions and Processes, 3rd ed.; Jordan, A., Adelle, C., Eds.; Routledge: Oxon, UK, 2013; pp. 49–72. ISBN 13 978-1-84971-468-6. [Google Scholar]
- Pülzl, H.; Wydra, D. Waldrelevante Politiken und GEsetze in der Europäischen Union—Eine Evaluierung; Projektendbericht, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien: Vienna, Austria, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- European Parliament. European Parliament Resolution of 28 April 2015 on A new EU Forest Strategy: For forests and the forest-based sector (2014/2223(INI)). Official Journal of the European Union 346, 21 September 2016; pp. 17–26. [Google Scholar]
- European Commission. A new EU Forest Strategy: For forests and the forest-based sector. In COM (2013) 659 Final; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Hogl, K. How to Co-ordinate the Non-Intergrated: Development and Recent Perspectives of European Union Forest Policy. In Quo Vadis, Forestry? Zbigniew, S., Ed.; Instytut Badawczy Lesnictwa: Sekocin Stary, Poland, 2007; pp. 18–32. [Google Scholar]
- Hey, C.; Brendle, U. Umweltverbände und EG: Strategien, Politische Kulturen und Organisationsformen; Westdeutscher Verlag: Opladen, 1994; ISBN -3531126199. [Google Scholar]
- Weber, N.; Christopherson, T. The influence of non-governmental organisations on the creation of Natura 2000 during the European policy process. For. Policy Econ. 2002, 4, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Council of the European Communities. Council Regulation (EEC) No 269/79 of 6 February 1979 establishing a common measure for forestry in certain Mediterranean zones of the Community. Official Journal of the European Union 38, 14 February 1979; pp. 1–5. [Google Scholar]
- Hogl, K. The Austrian domestic forest policy community in change? Impacts of the globalisation and Europeanisation of forest politics. For. Policy Econ. 2000, 1, 3–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Council. Council Resolution of 15 December 1998 on a Forestry Strategy for the European Union. Official Journal of the European Union 56/1, 26 February 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Greenpeace, FERN, WWF. Preliminary NGO Comments Regarding the Draft EU Forest Strategy; Greenpeace European Unit: Brussels, Belgium, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- European Commission. Green Paper on Forest Protection and Information in the EU. Preparing forests for climate change. In COM (2010) 0066 Final; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Winkel, G.; Sotirov, M. Whose integration is this? European forest policy between the gospel of coordination, institutional competition, and a new spirit of integration. Environ. Plan. C Gov. Policy 2016, 34, 496–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Edwards, P.; Kleinschmit, D. Towards a European forest policy—Conflicting courses. For. Policy Econ. 2013, 33, 87–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Winkel, G.; Kaphengst, T.; Herbert, S.; Robaey, Z.; Rosenkranz, L.; Sotirov, M. EU Policy Options for the Protection of European Forests Against Harmful Impacts. Final Report to the Tender: ENV.B.1/ETU/2008/0049: OJ 2008/S 112-149606. 2009. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/forests/pdf/ifp_ecologic_report.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2017).
- Thelen, K. Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics. Annu. Rev. Political Sci. 1999, 2, 369–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pierson, P. Politics in Time: History, Institutions and Social Analysis; Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Official Spokesman of the Commission. Co-Ordination of National Forestry Policies; Information memo. P-13/64; European Economic Community: Brussels, Belgium, 1964. [Google Scholar]
- European Commission. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on a Forestry Strategy for the European Union. In COM (1998) 649 Final; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Pülzl, H.; Hogl, K. Forest Governance in Europe. In European Forest Governance: Issues at State and the Way Forward; Pülzl, H., Hogl, K., Kleinschmit, D., Wydra, D., Arts, B., Mayer, P., Palahi, M., Winkel, G., Wolfslehner, B., Eds.; European Forest Institute: Joensuu, Finland, 2013; pp. 11–18. ISBN -978-952-5980-02-8. [Google Scholar]
- Commission of the European Communities. Proposal for a Council Resolution concerning objectives and lines of actions for Community policy regarding forestry and forest-based industries. In COM (1983) 222 Final; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 1983. [Google Scholar]
- Pelli, P.; Aggestam, F.; Weiss, G.; Inhaizer, H.; Heikkinen, J.; Keenleyside, C.; Gantioler, S.; Boglio, D.; Poláková, J. Ex-Post Evaluation of the EU Forest Action Plan; European Forestry Institute: Joensuu, Finland, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Winkel, G.; Aggestam, F.; Sotirov, M.; Weiss, G. In European Forest Governance: Issues at State and the Way Forward; Pülzl, H., Hogl, K., Kleinschmit, D., Wydra, D., Arts, B., Mayer, P., Palahi, M., Winkel, G., Wolfslehner, B., Eds.; What Science Can Tell Us 2; EFI: Joensuu, Finland, 2013; pp. 52–63. ISBN -978-952-5980-02-8. [Google Scholar]
- The Council of the European Communities. 89/367/EEC: Council Decision of 29 May 1989 setting up a Standing Forestry Committee. Official Journal of the European Union 165, 15 June 1989; pp. 14–15. [Google Scholar]
- Commission of the European Communities. Commission Decisions of 11 May 1983 setting up a Committee on Community Policy regarding Forestry and Forestry-based Industries. 83/247/EEC. Official Journal of the European Union 137/32, 26 May 1983. [Google Scholar]
- European Community. Europe’s green mantle. Heritage and future of our forests. In Newsletter on the Common Agricultural Policy; Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg, 1984. [Google Scholar]
- Aggestam, F.; Winkel, G.; Pülzl, H.; Sotirov, M. The EU Policy Framework. In Towards a Sustainable European Forest-Based Bioeconomy—Assessment and the Way Forward; EFI Series: What Science Can Tell Us 8; Winkel, G., Ed.; European Forest Institute: Joensuu, Finland, 2017; pp. 19–35. [Google Scholar]
- Pülzl, H.; Mayer, P. Assessment of the Achievements and Added Value of the Forest Europe Process. 2015, p. 17. Available online: https://www.foresteurope.org/sites/default/files/Assessment-of-the-achievements_FINAL.pdf (accessed on 1 August 2018).
- Linser, S.; Wolfslehner, B.; Asmar, F.; Bridge, S.R.; Guadalupe, V.; Gritten, D.; Jafari, M.; Johnson, S.; Laclau, P.; Robertson, G. 25 years of criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management: Why some intergovernmental C&I processes flourished while others faded. Forests 2018, 9, 515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mantel, K. Die erste Europäische Forstkonferenz in Brüssel vom 9.bis 11.6.1959. Der For. Und Holzwirt 1959, 14, 269–276. [Google Scholar]
- European Commission. Directorate General for Agriculture of the EEC Commission. In Le Boisement des Terres Marginales. Informations Internes sur l’Agriculture. 5221/VI/64-F; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 1964. [Google Scholar]
- Council of the European Communities. Declaration of the Council of the European Communities and of the Representatives of the Government of the Member States meeting in Council of 22 November 1973 on the Program of Action of the European Communities on the Environment. Official Journal of the European Union 111/1, 22 November 1973; pp. 1–54. [Google Scholar]
- Council of the European Economic Community. Council Directive 66/404/EEC of 14 June 1966 on the marketing of forest reproductive material. Official Journal of the European Union 125, 11 July 1966. [Google Scholar]
- Council of the European Communities. Council Directive 68/89/EEC of 23 January 1968 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning the classification of wood in the rough. Official Journal of the European Union 32, 6 February 1968. [Google Scholar]
- Commission of the European Communities. Complementary Memorandum to the Discussion Paper on the Community Action in the Forestry Sector; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 1985. [Google Scholar]
- European Commission. Directorate General for Agriculture of the EEC Commission. Forestry’s contribution towards a progressive land-use policy in the Community. In Newsletter of the Common Agricultural Policy; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 1974. [Google Scholar]
- Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaft. Die Forstpolitik der Europäischen Gemeinschaft. Bulletin der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Beilage 3/79; Amt für amtliche Veröffentlichungen der Europäischen Gemeinschaften: Luxemburg, 1979; p. 51. ISBN 92-825-1342-4. [Google Scholar]
- Council of the European Communities. Council Regulation (EEC) No 1820/80 for the stimulation of agricultural development in the less-favoured areas of the west of Ireland. Official Journal of the European Union 180, 14 July 1980; pp. 1–8. [Google Scholar]
- European Parliament. Resolution on Community forestry policy. Official Journal of the European Union 307/123, 14 October 1983; p. 123. [Google Scholar]
- Commission of the European Communities. Community Strategy and Action programme for the forestry sector. In COM (1988) 255 Final; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- European Parliament. Resolution Community action in the forestry sector. Official Journal of the European Union 297, 23 October 1986. [Google Scholar]
- European Parliament. Report on the European Union’s forestry strategy, Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development, Rapporteur: David E Thomas, adopted 12th December 1996, PE 213.578/fin. Available online: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?language=EN&pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+REPORT+A4-1996-0414+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN (accessed on 29 August 2018).
- European Commission. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - The state of the competitiveness of the EU forest-based and related industries. In COM (1999) 457 Final; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- European Parliament. Report on the implementation of a European Union forestry strategy (2005/2054(INI)), Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development Rapporteur: Heinz Kindermann, 31.1.2006, A6-0015/2006. Available online: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//NONSGML+REPORT+A6-2006-0015+0+DOC+PDF+V0//EN (accessed on 29 August 2018).
- European Commission. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on an EU Forest Action Plan. In COM (2006) 302 Final; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- European Commission. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament. Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT). Proposal for an EU Action Plan. In COM (2003) 251 Final; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- European Commission. Multi-annual implementation plan of the new EU forest strategy. In SWD (2015) 164 Final; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Heipertz, M.; Verdun, A. The Stability and Growth Pact—Theorizing a Case in European Integration. J. Common Market Stud. 2005, 43, 985–1008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Pülzl, H.; Wydra, D.; Hogl, K. Piecemeal Integration: Explaining and Understanding 60 Years of European Union Forest Policy-Making. Forests 2018, 9, 719. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9110719
Pülzl H, Wydra D, Hogl K. Piecemeal Integration: Explaining and Understanding 60 Years of European Union Forest Policy-Making. Forests. 2018; 9(11):719. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9110719
Chicago/Turabian StylePülzl, Helga, Doris Wydra, and Karl Hogl. 2018. "Piecemeal Integration: Explaining and Understanding 60 Years of European Union Forest Policy-Making" Forests 9, no. 11: 719. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9110719
APA StylePülzl, H., Wydra, D., & Hogl, K. (2018). Piecemeal Integration: Explaining and Understanding 60 Years of European Union Forest Policy-Making. Forests, 9(11), 719. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9110719