Bhutan’s Forests through the Framework of Ecosystem Services: Rapid Assessment in Three Forest Types
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Forest Ecosystem Services in Mountain Ecosystems
3. Perceptions of the Ecosystem Services of Three Forests
3.1. High–Altitude Oak Forests
3.2. Community Plantations
3.3. Forest Management Units
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Service/Site | Oak Forest | FMU Forest | Plantation Forest |
---|---|---|---|
Provisioning | Fresh water (Highest) Timber (High) Fuel wood (High) NWFP (Medium) Fodder (Low) Leaf litter (Low) | Fresh water (High) Timber (High) Boulder (Medium) | Leaf litter (High) Fodder collection (High) Flag pole (Low) |
Regulating | Soil erosion protection (Low) Fresh air (Low) Groundwater recharge (Low) Wind break (Low) | Land productivity (Highest) Fresh air (Medium) Carbon sequestration (Low) Local weather regulation (Low) | Soil erosion protection (High) Improved vegetation cover (Low) Reduced forest fire incidence (Low) |
Supporting | Wildlife habitat (Low) Biodiversity (Low) | Pollination (Low) | Wildlife habitat (Low) |
Cultural | Spiritual sites (High) Recreation (Low) Aesthetic (Low) | Spiritual sites (Low) | Aesthetic (Low) |
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Sears, R.R.; Choden, K.; Dorji, T.; Dukpa, D.; Phuntsho, S.; Rai, P.B.; Wangchuk, J.; Baral, H. Bhutan’s Forests through the Framework of Ecosystem Services: Rapid Assessment in Three Forest Types. Forests 2018, 9, 675. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9110675
Sears RR, Choden K, Dorji T, Dukpa D, Phuntsho S, Rai PB, Wangchuk J, Baral H. Bhutan’s Forests through the Framework of Ecosystem Services: Rapid Assessment in Three Forest Types. Forests. 2018; 9(11):675. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9110675
Chicago/Turabian StyleSears, Robin R., Kinley Choden, Tshewang Dorji, Dorji Dukpa, Sonam Phuntsho, Prem Bahadur Rai, Jigme Wangchuk, and Himlal Baral. 2018. "Bhutan’s Forests through the Framework of Ecosystem Services: Rapid Assessment in Three Forest Types" Forests 9, no. 11: 675. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9110675
APA StyleSears, R. R., Choden, K., Dorji, T., Dukpa, D., Phuntsho, S., Rai, P. B., Wangchuk, J., & Baral, H. (2018). Bhutan’s Forests through the Framework of Ecosystem Services: Rapid Assessment in Three Forest Types. Forests, 9(11), 675. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9110675