Incorporating Intermediate-Severity Disturbances in Oak Stand Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background on Disturbance and Development in Oak Stands
3. Conceptual Model of Oak Stand Development
3.1. Multiple Mixed Stages
3.2. Development of Mixed Stage Stands
3.3. Intermediate-Severity Disturbance Frequency
4. Implementation and Management Implications
5. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Disturbance agent | Location | Dominant species | Citation |
---|---|---|---|
Drought | North Carolina, USA | Mixed oak | [28] |
Flood | Illinois, USA | Mixed oak | [29] |
Flood | Tochigi Prefecture, Japan | Mongolian oak (Q. mongolica) | [30] |
Ice storm | Connecticut, USA | Northern red oak (Q. rubra) | [31] |
Ice storm | Missouri, USA | White oak (Q. alba), northern red oak | [32] |
Ice storm | Ohio, USA | Mixed oak, hickory (Carya spp.), tulip-poplar | [33] |
Ice storm | Virginia, USA | Chestnut oak (Q. prinus) | [34] |
Ice storm | Virginia, USA | Chestnut oak, white oak, scarlet oak (Q. coccinea) | [35] |
Ice storm | Virginia, USA | Mixed oak | [36] |
Insect outbreak | Pennsylvania, USA | Mixed oak | [37] |
Mixed severity fire | Algarve District, Portugal | Cork oak (Q. suber) | [38] |
Mixed severity fire | California, USA | California black oak (Q. kelloggii) | [39] |
Mixed severity fire | Indiana, USA | Black oak (Q. velutina) | [40] |
Pathogen | North Carolina, USA | Northern red oak | [41] |
Pathogen | North Carolina, USA | Mixed oak | [42] |
Pathogen | Tennessee, USA | White oak, tulip-poplar | [26] |
Pathogen | Virginia, USA | Chestnut oak, northern red oak, white oak | [43] |
Pathogen | Yamagata Prefecture, Japan | Mongolian oak | [44] |
Wind event | Alabama, USA | Mixed oak, hickory | [45] |
Wind event | Alabama, USA | White oak | [23] |
Wind event | Illinois, USA | Mixed oak | [46] |
Wind event | Jeju-do Province, South Korea | Mongolian oak | [47] |
Wind event | Missouri, USA | Mixed oak, overcup oak (Q. lyrata) | [20] |
Wind event | North Carolina, USA | Scarlet oak, chestnut oak, black oak | [48] |
Wind event | Oklahoma, USA | Blackjack oak (Q. marilandica), post oak (Q. stellata) | [49] |
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Hart, J.L.; Cox, L.E. Incorporating Intermediate-Severity Disturbances in Oak Stand Development. Forests 2017, 8, 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8080284
Hart JL, Cox LE. Incorporating Intermediate-Severity Disturbances in Oak Stand Development. Forests. 2017; 8(8):284. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8080284
Chicago/Turabian StyleHart, Justin L., and Lauren E. Cox. 2017. "Incorporating Intermediate-Severity Disturbances in Oak Stand Development" Forests 8, no. 8: 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8080284