Tropical-Forest Structure and Biomass Dynamics from TanDEM-X Radar Interferometry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tapajós National Forest and Field Measurements
2.2. TanDEM-X, The Interferometric Phase-Height and Its Relation to Radar Power Vertical Profiles
2.3. The Relationship of Phase-Height to Mean Canopy Height and AGB
2.3.1. Qualitative Relationship Between Phase-Height and Mean Canopy Height
2.3.2. Quantitative Relationship Between Phase-Height and Mean Canopy Height: Conditions for Equality
2.3.3. Quantitative Relationship: The Magnitude of Differences Between Phase-Height and Mean Canopy Height
2.4. LiDAR Data for Phase-Height Rate Verification
3. Results: Time Series of Phase-Height and Aboveground Biomass
3.1. Phase-Height Rate from Raw Interferometric SAR Data
3.2. Removal of Systematic Trends in Phase-Height Data
3.3. Phase-Height Time Series and Rates
3.4. From Phase-Height Rate to AGB Rate
3.4.1. Model for Deriving Phase-Height-Rate to AGB Rate Conversion Factors
3.4.2. Applying Conversion Factors to Estimate AGB Rate
3.4.3. The Relative Accuracy of Single-Epoch and Differential (Rate) AGB Estimates
4. Discussion
4.1. X-Band Interferometry for Tropical-Forest Structure and Biomass
4.2. Using Phase-Height to Measure Tropical Forest Dynamics
4.3. The Performance of Phase-Height and AGB Rate and Future Enhancements
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
1 | 2011 | 9 | 22 | 73.400 |
2 | 2011 | 6 | 15 | 57.900 |
3 | 2011 | 8 | 20 | 70.400 |
4 | 2011 | 10 | 14 | 83.000 |
5 | 2011 | 12 | 8 | 153.700 |
6 | 2011 | 12 | 30 | 154.400 |
7 | 2012 | 1 | 21 | 249.900 |
8 | 2012 | 2 | 12 | 252.500 |
9 | 2012 | 3 | 16 | 260.700 |
10 | 2012 | 3 | 27 | 246.500 |
11 | 2012 | 10 | 22 | 47.100 |
12 | 2012 | 11 | 2 | 49.300 |
13 | 2012 | 12 | 5 | 60.700 |
14 | 2013 | 3 | 25 | 194.200 |
15 | 2013 | 5 | 30 | 80.700 |
16 | 2013 | 7 | 13 | 117.300 |
17 | 2013 | 8 | 4 | 130.600 |
18 | 2013 | 8 | 26 | 72.500 |
19 | 2013 | 9 | 6 | 84.400 |
20 | 2013 | 9 | 28 | 95.000 |
21 | 2013 | 12 | 3 | 196.500 |
22 | 2013 | 12 | 14 | 169.300 |
23 | 2014 | 1 | 5 | 93.900 |
24 | 2014 | 2 | 7 | 71.300 |
25 | 2014 | 4 | 14 | 128.600 |
26 | 2014 | 5 | 6 | 83.300 |
27 | 2014 | 5 | 17 | 78.800 |
28 | 2014 | 5 | 28 | 78.900 |
29 | 2014 | 6 | 30 | 65.600 |
30 | 2014 | 7 | 22 | 69.500 |
31 | 2014 | 8 | 2 | 77.400 |
32 | 2014 | 9 | 15 | 134.300 |
1 | −3.130910 | −54.953098 | 0.454607 | 0.193582 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 0.965 | 40.400 | |
2 | −3.133010 | −54.952702 | 0.784603 | 0.174644 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.071 | 136.200 | |
3 | −3.133860 | −54.952599 | 0.068583 | 0.149540 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 0.905 | 129.100 | |
4 | −3.027960 | −54.967098 | 0.856066 | 0.194395 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.237 | 233.000 | |
5 | −3.029510 | −54.966900 | 0.478339 | 0.359500 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 2.319 | 227.800 | |
6 | −3.024850 | −54.967499 | 0.110787 | 0.191887 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.210 | 294.100 | |
7 | −3.020170 | −54.968201 | −0.194923 | 0.241532 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.540 | 380.300 | |
8 | −2.937600 | −54.979401 | −0.581948 | 0.265151 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.854 | 314.800 | |
9 | −2.936040 | −54.979599 | 0.275688 | 0.182756 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 0.767 | 308.500 | |
10 | −2.934480 | −54.979801 | 0.043263 | 0.198722 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.083 | 421.000 | |
11 | −2.939160 | −54.979198 | 0.112345 | 0.196660 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.126 | 336.900 | |
12 | −3.026400 | −54.967300 | 0.673636 | 0.166502 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.021 | 193.000 | |
13 | −3.017020 | −54.968601 | 0.460963 | 0.181941 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 0.900 | 287.200 | |
14 | −3.135420 | −54.952400 | 0.481861 | 0.163645 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.022 | 78.400 | |
15 | −3.015530 | −54.968899 | −0.121053 | 0.171038 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 0.907 | 429.200 | |
16 | −3.152580 | −54.950001 | 1.543710 | 0.641120 | 2013.880371 | −17.113 | 1.947 | 150.400 | * |
17 | −3.149420 | −54.950401 | 0.844270 | 0.158688 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 0.967 | 52.400 | |
18 | −3.115120 | −54.955200 | 0.686952 | 0.292748 | 2013.848145 | −8.752 | 1.093 | 43.600 | * |
19 | −3.116720 | −54.955002 | 0.926217 | 0.129313 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 0.732 | 71.300 | |
20 | −3.118330 | −54.955002 | 0.184325 | 0.219348 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.287 | 310.400 | |
21 | −3.112970 | −54.983601 | 1.270890 | 0.263002 | 2014.181519 | −8.050 | 1.278 | 8.900 | * |
22 | −3.114550 | −54.983799 | 1.067040 | 0.394613 | 2014.178345 | −6.581 | 1.057 | 19.100 | * |
23 | −3.111410 | −54.983299 | 1.609308 | 0.195239 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 0.980 | 11.500 | |
24 | −3.125350 | −54.985401 | −0.317946 | 0.243731 | 2011.947632 | −5.442 | 0.814 | 47.800 | * |
25 | −3.123850 | −54.985100 | 0.984695 | 0.157564 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 0.887 | 27.000 | |
26 | −3.122300 | −54.984901 | 0.916722 | 0.151511 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.032 | 51.300 | |
27 | −3.056510 | −54.987499 | 0.640870 | 0.925907 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 7.166 | 289.500 | |
28 | −2.930880 | −55.000099 | 0.345566 | 0.280541 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.733 | 345.300 | |
29 | −2.943690 | −55.026299 | 1.353852 | 0.304138 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 2.226 | 221.400 | |
30 | −2.934300 | −54.990601 | −0.417227 | 0.232297 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.487 | 333.800 | |
31 | −3.124310 | −54.961102 | 1.397861 | 0.248493 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.170 | 0.800 | |
32 | −3.128890 | −54.958900 | 0.961846 | 0.381249 | 2013.832886 | −10.488 | 1.304 | 38.500 | * |
33 | −3.110410 | −54.985600 | 2.107846 | 0.264627 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.351 | 7.100 | |
34 | −3.357990 | −54.996601 | 0.087855 | 0.199023 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.117 | 343.500 | |
35 | −3.358430 | −54.991402 | −0.040254 | 0.238347 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.517 | 453.500 | |
36 | −3.358000 | −54.987400 | 0.272680 | 0.199662 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.397 | 333.800 | |
37 | −3.138950 | −55.027802 | 0.882286 | 0.309965 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 2.096 | 202.800 | |
38 | −3.118990 | −55.054199 | 1.847912 | 0.461109 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 3.334 | 43.100 | |
39 | −3.107810 | −55.081902 | 0.964537 | 0.335342 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.565 | 0.700 | |
40 | −3.059210 | −55.006500 | −0.233490 | 0.214971 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.457 | 239.900 | |
41 | −2.950610 | −54.924702 | −0.095074 | 0.225523 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.462 | 116.800 | |
42 | −2.915720 | −54.919899 | 0.966455 | 0.261321 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.521 | 1.500 | |
43 | −2.914300 | −54.905399 | 0.218828 | 0.222246 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.151 | 34.700 | |
44 | −3.114580 | −54.983799 | 1.497180 | 0.350418 | 2014.177979 | −7.178 | 1.100 | 11.100 | |
45 | −3.133010 | −54.952702 | 0.823535 | 0.186343 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.141 | 149.800 | |
46 | −3.130910 | −54.953098 | 0.385443 | 0.184383 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 0.941 | 40.800 | |
47 | −3.206300 | −54.995602 | 0.619866 | 0.275334 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.619 | 462.900 | |
48 | −3.221620 | −54.993801 | 0.215504 | 0.209776 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.290 | 457.400 | |
49 | −3.224370 | −54.994202 | 0.788685 | 0.393887 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 2.555 | 639.200 | |
50 | −3.116710 | −54.955002 | 0.896724 | 0.129154 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 0.811 | 104.400 | |
51 | −3.118320 | −54.955002 | 0.159074 | 0.213723 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.219 | 380.800 | |
52 | −3.122100 | −54.987598 | 1.292980 | 0.403824 | 2013.798828 | −15.656 | 1.143 | 86.700 | * |
53 | −3.051970 | −54.979401 | 0.429349 | 0.238099 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.541 | 387.900 | |
54 | −2.938070 | −54.933800 | −0.013126 | 0.167420 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 0.954 | 167.600 | |
55 | −2.928430 | −55.021599 | 0.164560 | 0.251267 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.638 | 179.700 | |
56 | −2.909920 | −55.039001 | 0.095907 | 0.145083 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.026 | 110.800 | |
57 | −3.129750 | −54.952301 | 0.174746 | 0.213031 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.100 | 40.000 | |
58 | −3.128970 | −54.948700 | 0.834410 | 0.178792 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.095 | 60.500 | |
59 | −3.113640 | −54.979599 | 0.897366 | 0.187097 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.158 | 42.600 | |
60 | −3.108400 | −54.992100 | 0.735734 | 0.276439 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.719 | 20.900 | |
61 | −3.124500 | −54.990898 | −0.338942 | 0.266088 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.441 | 9.700 | |
62 | −3.126430 | −54.960098 | 0.063191 | 0.208251 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.489 | 93.800 | |
63 | −3.131600 | −55.007099 | 0.358451 | 0.158200 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 0.972 | 109.400 | |
64 | −3.137290 | −55.039001 | −1.000995 | 0.511155 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 3.598 | 266.800 | |
65 | −3.114210 | −55.068699 | 0.991243 | 0.428841 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 2.641 | 38.900 | |
66 | −2.978960 | −54.982899 | −0.481809 | 0.266980 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.697 | 331.300 | |
67 | −3.006480 | −54.973301 | 0.190774 | 0.202528 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.307 | 312.100 | |
68 | −2.989900 | −54.929199 | 1.636473 | 0.153530 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 0.958 | 11.000 | |
69 | −3.084400 | −54.926701 | 0.375553 | 0.143178 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.118 | 77.800 | |
70 | −3.084200 | −54.928799 | 0.977014 | 0.212756 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.323 | 60.400 | |
71 | −2.940900 | −55.025299 | 0.287384 | 0.272711 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.799 | 75.300 | |
72 | −2.931070 | −55.009399 | 1.596654 | 0.240939 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.673 | 43.500 | |
73 | −3.191080 | −54.995300 | −0.370769 | 0.228089 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.386 | 451.900 | |
74 | −3.207900 | −54.998600 | −0.408313 | 0.865851 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 5.597 | 430.200 | |
75 | −3.209040 | −55.000999 | −0.539660 | 0.240988 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.836 | 738.400 | |
76 | −3.068920 | −54.925598 | 1.085426 | 0.194411 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 1.312 | 201.200 | |
77 | −3.125470 | −54.957100 | 0.015487 | 0.675524 | 0.000000 | 0.000 | 4.816 | 538.100 | |
78 | −3.123570 | −54.987900 | 0.214025 | 0.454257 | 2013.909058 | −17.267 | 0.969 | 143.900 | * |
1 | 40.400 | 0.905 | 0.386 | 1.922 |
2 | 136.200 | 4.694 | 1.045 | 6.408 |
3 | 129.100 | 0.392 | 0.855 | 5.175 |
4 | 233.000 | 7.836 | 1.779 | 11.322 |
5 | 227.800 | 4.306 | 3.236 | 20.875 |
6 | 294.100 | 1.196 | 2.071 | 13.060 |
7 | 380.300 | −2.479 | 3.072 | 19.589 |
8 | 314.800 | −6.573 | 2.995 | 20.940 |
9 | 308.500 | 3.072 | 2.037 | 8.548 |
10 | 421.000 | 0.584 | 2.682 | 14.615 |
11 | 336.900 | 1.326 | 2.321 | 13.289 |
12 | 193.000 | 5.346 | 1.321 | 8.102 |
13 | 287.200 | 4.896 | 1.932 | 9.558 |
14 | 78.400 | 1.778 | 0.604 | 3.771 |
15 | 429.200 | −1.651 | 2.333 | 12.373 |
16 | 150.400 | 10.030 | 4.166 | 12.650 |
17 | 52.400 | 2.149 | 0.404 | 2.461 |
18 | 43.600 | 1.471 | 0.627 | 2.340 |
19 | 71.300 | 3.135 | 0.438 | 2.478 |
20 | 310.400 | 2.063 | 2.455 | 14.402 |
21 | 8.900 | 0.580 | 0.120 | 0.583 |
22 | 19.100 | 1.031 | 0.381 | 1.022 |
23 | 11.500 | 0.946 | 0.115 | 0.576 |
24 | 47.800 | −0.742 | 0.569 | 1.901 |
25 | 27.000 | 1.332 | 0.213 | 1.200 |
26 | 51.300 | 2.288 | 0.378 | 2.575 |
27 | 289.500 | 6.843 | 9.887 | 76.521 |
28 | 345.300 | 4.142 | 3.363 | 20.774 |
29 | 221.400 | 11.931 | 2.680 | 19.616 |
30 | 333.800 | −4.895 | 2.725 | 17.446 |
31 | 0.800 | 0.058 | 0.010 | 0.048 |
32 | 38.500 | 1.830 | 0.725 | 2.481 |
33 | 7.100 | 0.769 | 0.097 | 0.493 |
34 | 343.500 | 1.050 | 2.378 | 13.346 |
35 | 453.500 | −0.566 | 3.351 | 21.329 |
36 | 333.800 | 3.199 | 2.342 | 16.390 |
37 | 202.800 | 7.274 | 2.556 | 17.282 |
38 | 43.100 | 3.913 | 0.976 | 7.060 |
39 | 0.700 | 0.035 | 0.012 | 0.057 |
40 | 239.900 | −2.183 | 2.010 | 13.624 |
41 | 116.800 | −0.499 | 1.184 | 7.675 |
42 | 1.500 | 0.075 | 0.020 | 0.118 |
43 | 34.700 | 0.377 | 0.383 | 1.983 |
44 | 11.100 | 0.849 | 0.199 | 0.624 |
45 | 149.800 | 5.333 | 1.207 | 7.389 |
46 | 40.800 | 0.775 | 0.371 | 1.892 |
47 | 462.900 | 8.811 | 3.914 | 23.014 |
48 | 457.400 | 3.044 | 2.963 | 18.221 |
49 | 639.200 | 13.043 | 6.514 | 42.254 |
50 | 104.400 | 4.271 | 0.615 | 3.862 |
51 | 380.800 | 2.025 | 2.721 | 15.518 |
52 | 86.700 | 5.224 | 1.631 | 4.618 |
53 | 387.900 | 5.526 | 3.065 | 19.834 |
54 | 167.600 | −0.093 | 1.188 | 6.770 |
55 | 179.700 | 1.235 | 1.885 | 12.289 |
56 | 110.800 | 0.481 | 0.728 | 5.146 |
57 | 40.000 | 0.345 | 0.420 | 2.170 |
58 | 60.500 | 2.428 | 0.520 | 3.187 |
59 | 42.600 | 1.879 | 0.392 | 2.425 |
60 | 20.900 | 0.777 | 0.292 | 1.814 |
61 | 9.700 | −0.168 | 0.132 | 0.716 |
62 | 93.800 | 0.274 | 0.902 | 6.453 |
63 | 109.400 | 1.778 | 0.785 | 4.822 |
64 | 266.800 | −10.101 | 5.158 | 36.308 |
65 | 38.900 | 1.904 | 0.824 | 5.074 |
66 | 331.300 | −5.626 | 3.117 | 19.814 |
67 | 312.100 | 2.142 | 2.274 | 14.678 |
68 | 11.000 | 0.920 | 0.086 | 0.539 |
69 | 77.800 | 1.376 | 0.525 | 4.097 |
70 | 60.400 | 2.839 | 0.618 | 3.844 |
71 | 75.300 | 1.022 | 0.970 | 6.400 |
72 | 43.500 | 3.411 | 0.515 | 3.574 |
73 | 451.900 | −5.203 | 3.201 | 19.450 |
74 | 430.200 | −5.577 | 11.827 | 76.453 |
75 | 738.400 | −9.422 | 4.207 | 32.054 |
76 | 201.200 | 8.895 | 1.593 | 10.752 |
77 | 538.100 | 0.237 | 10.357 | 73.837 |
78 | 143.900 | 1.341 | 2.845 | 6.070 |
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Forest Type | Avg Phase-Height Rate (m-yr) | Standard Dev (m-yr) | Standard Dev of Mean (m-yr) |
---|---|---|---|
Secondary | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
Primary | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
All Plots | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
Forest Type | Avg AGB Rate (Mg-ha-yr) | Standard Dev (Mg-ha-yr) | Standard Dev of Mean (Mg-ha-yr) |
---|---|---|---|
Secondary Forest | 2.1 | 2.4 | 0.4 |
Primary Forest | 1.1 | 5.2 | 0.9 |
All Plots | 1.7 | 4.0 | 0.4 |
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Treuhaft, R.; Lei, Y.; Gonçalves, F.; Keller, M.; Santos, J.R.d.; Neumann, M.; Almeida, A. Tropical-Forest Structure and Biomass Dynamics from TanDEM-X Radar Interferometry. Forests 2017, 8, 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8080277
Treuhaft R, Lei Y, Gonçalves F, Keller M, Santos JRd, Neumann M, Almeida A. Tropical-Forest Structure and Biomass Dynamics from TanDEM-X Radar Interferometry. Forests. 2017; 8(8):277. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8080277
Chicago/Turabian StyleTreuhaft, Robert, Yang Lei, Fabio Gonçalves, Michael Keller, João Roberto dos Santos, Maxim Neumann, and André Almeida. 2017. "Tropical-Forest Structure and Biomass Dynamics from TanDEM-X Radar Interferometry" Forests 8, no. 8: 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8080277