Low Nitrogen Retention in Soil and Litter under Conditions without Plants in a Subtropical Pine Plantation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
Soil or Litter | C (%) | N (%) | atom % 15N of Total N | NO3− (mg N·kg−1) | NH4− (mg·N·kg−1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control N Addition | Control N Addition | Control N Addition | Control N Addition | Control N Addition | ||||||
0-5 cm soil | 1.83 (0.2) | 1.88 (0.2) | 0.12 (0.0) | 0.12 (0.0) | 0.37 (0.0) | 0.37 (0.0) | 13.7 (2.8) | 10.3 (2.1) | 16.0 (1.7) | 17.3 (4.3) |
5–10 cm soil | 0.82 (0.1) | 0.82 (0.1) | 0.07 (0.0) | 0.07 (0.0) | 0.37(0.0) | 0.37 (0.0) | 6.61 (0.8) | 7.05 (1.1) | 9.49 (0.6) | 13.6 (3.3) |
10–20 cm soil | 0.61 (0.1) | 0.60 (0.1) | 0.06 (0.0) | 0.06 (0.0) | 0.37 (0.0) | 0.37 (0.0) | 4.92 (0.5) | 4.92 (0.8) | 7.82 (0.4) | 7.78 (0.6) |
20–40 cm soil | 0.45 (0.1) | 0.44 (0.0) | 0.04 (0.0) | 0.04 (0.0) | 0.37 (0.0) | 0.37 (0.0) | 2.82 (0.4) | 3.50 (0.5) | 8.94 (2.7) | 7.00 (1.0) |
P. elliottii litter | 51.2 (0.1) | 0.41 (0.0) | 0.36 (0.0) | 7.9 (2.9 ) | 18.5 (4.1) | |||||
L. formosana litter | 44.8 (0.2) | 1.13 (0.0) | 0.36 (0.0) | 11.3 (4.6 ) | 21.2 (4.3) |
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Sampling, Measurements and Calculations
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Soil N Retention and Behaviors of Soil Exogenous and Indigenous N
Soil Layer | Total N (g·m−2) | Total NH4+ (g·m−2) | Total NO3−(g·m−2) | Atom% 15N of Total N | Atom% 15N of Total NH4+ | Atom% 15N of Total NO3− | Exogenous N (g·m−2) | Exogenous NH4+ (g·m−2) | Exogenous NO3− (g·m−2) | Exogenous Organic N (g·m−2) | Exogenous (NH4++NO3−)/Exogenous N (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–5 cm | 61.4 (2.9) | 2.00 (0.2) | 0.22 (0.0) | 3.51 (0.3) | 60.1 (2.0) | 19.2 (2.6) | 1.96 (0.2) | 1.23 (0.13) | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.69 (0.1) | 64.8 (4.4) |
5–10 cm | 47.0 (2.2) | 1.76 (0.1) | 0.26 (0.0) | 1.91 (0.2) | 27.1 (3.6) | 15.7 (5.1) | 0.74 (0.2) | 0.23 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.46 (0.1) | 37.8 (3.4) |
10–20 cm | 62.7 (4.5) | 1.43 (0.1) | 0.67 (0.1) | 1.67 (0.2) | 11.9 (1.7) | 40.9 (3.2) | 0.78 (0.1) | 0.18 (0.04) | 0.28 (0.04) | 0.32 (0.0) | 59.0 (5.6) |
20–40 cm | 100.4 (4.0) | 1.85 (0.1) | 1.80 (0.1) | 1.81 (0.1) | 4.91 (0.8) | 62.0 (2.3) | 1.42 (0.1) | 0.09 (0.00) | 1.13 (0.11) | 0.20 (0.0) | 85.9 (2.3) |
Whole 0–40 cm | 271 (11) | 7.04 (0.4) | 2.95 (0.2 ) | 4.90 (0.3) | 1.73 (0.13 ) | 1.5 ( 0.10) | 1.67 (0.2) | 65.9 (2.4) |
Soil Layer | Total N (g·m−2) | Total NH4+ (g·m−2) | Total NO3− (g·m−2) | Atom% 15N of Total N | Atom% 15N of Total NH4+ | Atom% 15N of Total NO3− | Exogenous N (g·m−2) | Exogenous NH4+ (g·m−2) | Exogenous NO3− (g·m−2) | Exogenous Organic N (g·m−2) | Exogenous (NH4++NO3−)/Exogenous N (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–5 cm | 56.7 (3.8) | 0.18 (0.0) | 0.012 (0.00) | 1.33 (0.0) | 1.05 (0.1) | 6.47 (1.0) | 0.54 (0.0) | 0.001 (0.00) | 0.008 (0.00) | 0.53 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.6) |
5–10 cm | 46.6 (3.6) | 0.19 (0.0) | 0.019 (0.00) | 0.68 (0.0) | 1.07 (0.2) | 8.24 (1.5) | 0.15 (0.0) | 0.001 (0.00) | 0.017 (0.01) | 0.13 (0.0) | 11.9 (3.8) |
10–20 cm | 69.6 (4.1) | 0.38 (0.0) | 0.045 (0.00) | 0.54 (0.0) | 0.76 (0.0) | 10.6 (2.0) | 0.12 (0.0) | 0.002 (0.00) | 0.049 (0.01) | 0.07 (0.0) | 41.8 (8.7) |
20–40 cm | 112.2 (9.8) | 1.21 (0.1) | 0.123 (0.03) | 0.63 (0.1) | 1.27 (0.3) | 16.8 (3.2) | 0.30 (0.1) | 0.006 (0.00) | 0.216 (0.05) | 0.07 (0.0) | 73.9 (4.3) |
Whole 0–40 cm | 285 (17) | 1.96 (0.2) | 0.199 (0.03) | 1.11 (0.2) | 0.010 (0.00) | 0.288 (0.05) | 0.80 (0.0) | 26.9 (6.9) |
3.2. Litter N Retention and Behaviors of Litter Indigenous and Exogenous N
Litter Species | Treatments | Initial Exogenous N (g·m−2) | Initial Indigenous N (g·m−2) | Total N Remaining | Atom% 15N of Total N Remaining | Exogenous N Remaining | Indigenous N Remaining | Exogenous N Immobilization | NH4+ (g·m−2) | NO3− (g·m−2) | Atom% 15N of NH4+ | Atom% 15N of NO3− | Exogenous NH4+ (g·m−2) | Exogenous NO3− (g·m−2) | Exogenous (NH4++NO3−)/exogenous N (%) | Indigenous NH4+ (g·m−2) | Indigenous NO3− (g·m−2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(g·m−2) (%) | (g·m−2) (%) | (g·m−2) (%) | (g·m−2) (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
P. elliottii | Control | 0 | 1.84 | 1.85 (0.0) | 101 (1.9) a * | 0.36 (0.0) | 1.85 (0.0) a | 101 (1.9) a | 0.005 (0.00) | 0.001 (0.00) | 0.36 (0.0) | 0.36 (0.0) | 4.56 (0.78) a | 0.53 (0.09) a | |||||||
N addition | 7.00 | 1.84 | 3.02 (0.1) | 34.2 (1.7) b | 54.9 (2.2) | 1.67 (0.1) | 23.0 (1.5) | 1.35 (0.0) b | 73.4 (3.0) b | 0.95 (0.1) | 13.6 (1.6) | 0.59 (0.05) | 0.24 (0.04) | 84.3 (1.6) | 92.4 (1.0) | 0.496 (0.04) | 0.226 (0.04) | 43.2 (2.7) | 585 (55) b | 242 (43) b | |
L. formosana | Control | 0 | 5.08 | 5.33 (0.1) | 105 (2.1) a | 0.36 (0.0) | 5.33 (0.1) a | 105 (2.1) a | 0.010 (0.00) | 0.001 (0.00) | 0.36 (0.0) | 0.36 (0.0) | 10.38 (1.21) a | 1.30 (0.13) a | |||||||
N addition | 7.00 | 5.08 | 5.36 (0.3) | 44.4 (2.5) b | 28.3 (2.2) | 1.50 (0.1) | 20.7 (1.1) | 3.86 (0.2) b | 76.0 (5.1) b | 0.69 (0.12) | 9.8 (1.7) | 0.48 (0.08) | 0.48 (0.10) | 70.3 (1.8) | 96.8 (0.6) | 0.340 (0.06) | 0.472 (0.11) | 54.1 (8.1) | 478 (77) b | 481 (111) b |
4. Discussion
4.1. Low N Retention in the Soil Profile and Litter
4.2. N Addition Altered the Behaviors of Indigenous N in Soil and Litter
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Xiong, Y.; Xu, X.; Zeng, H.; Wang, H.; Chen, F.; Guo, D. Low Nitrogen Retention in Soil and Litter under Conditions without Plants in a Subtropical Pine Plantation. Forests 2015, 6, 2387-2404. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6072387
Xiong Y, Xu X, Zeng H, Wang H, Chen F, Guo D. Low Nitrogen Retention in Soil and Litter under Conditions without Plants in a Subtropical Pine Plantation. Forests. 2015; 6(7):2387-2404. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6072387
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiong, Yanmei, Xingliang Xu, Hui Zeng, Huimin Wang, Fusheng Chen, and Dali Guo. 2015. "Low Nitrogen Retention in Soil and Litter under Conditions without Plants in a Subtropical Pine Plantation" Forests 6, no. 7: 2387-2404. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6072387